Class 4 Flashcards
(24 cards)
Personality
Our thoughts feelings ways of thinking about things beliefs and behaviours it is a core component of who we consider ourselves to be
Perspectives on persoanlity
The life course perspective The psychoanalytic perspective The humanist perspective The behaviourist perspective The social cognitive perspective The trait perspective The biological perspective
Life course perspective of personality
A multidisciplinary approach developed to understand individual lives from a cultural social and structural perspective
Need to know
- family structure
- SES
- demographics
- disorder prevalence
- age and health
- major life events
Psychoanalytic theory
Freuds three components of the human psyche
ID
- largely unconscious and responsible for our desire to avoid pain and seek pleasure
EGO
- which is responsible for our logical thinking and planning as we deal with reality
- mediator
SUPEREGO
- which is responsible for our moral judgements of right and wrong and strives for perfection
Psychoanalytic perspective
Asserts that personality is shaped largely by the unconscious
Mental illness or neurosis is the result of unconscious conflicts which often stem from childhood
(Like listening for earthquakes; faults underneath)
What did Freud suggest human behaviour is motivated by
Libido
- life drive which drives behaviours focused on pleasure survival and avoidance of pain
Death Drive
- drives dangerous or destructive behaviours and underlies the desire to hurt oneself or others
Psychosexual stages of development
Oral
- age = 0-1
- erogenous zone (tasks) = mouth
- successful resolution = weaning
- fixation = Oral aggression or oral passivity (become a smoker or verbally abusive)
Anal
- age = 1-3
- erogenous zone (tasks) = Anus (bowel/bladder)
- successful resolution = toilet training
- fixation = Amal retention or anal expulsion
Phallic
- age = 3-6
- erogenous zone (tasks) = genitals presence or absence of penis; Oedipus complex (male) Electra complex (females)
- successful resolution = gender identification
- fixation = difficultly with intimate relationships
Latency
- age = 6-12
- erogenous zone (tasks) = n/a sexual feelings are dormant during this stage
- successful resolution = social interaction
- fixation = arrested development
Genital
- age = 12+
- erogenous zone (tasks) = other peoples genitals (reproduction and pleasure)
- successful resolution = intimate relationships
- fixation = fixation in prior stage could result in sexual and intimacy issues
Erik Erickson psychoanalytic
Built upon Freud psychoanalytic
Includes social and interpersonal factors
Added additional stages through adulthood
Eriksons stages
Trust vs mistrust Autonomy vs shame Initiative vs guilt Industry vs inferiority Identity vs role confusion Intimacy vs isolation Generativity vs stagnation Integrity vs despair
Humanist perspective
Carl Rogers
Asserts that humans are driven by an actualizing tendency to realize their highest potential and personality conflicts arise when this is somehow thwarted
Progress from in undifferentiated to differentiates
Main goal of development is the differentiated self concept
Self actualization is accompanied when parents exhibit unconditional positive regard
Those raised with conditional positive regard will only feel worthy when they’ve met certain conditions
Behaviourist perspective
BF skinner
Personality is a result of interaction between the individual …
Social cognitive perspective
Personality is a result of reciprocal interactions among behavioural cognitive, an environmental factors
Albert Bandura
- patterns of behaviour are learned not just through classical and operant conditioning but also through observational learning
- cognitive processes are involved in both observational learning and the development of beliefs about self efficacy
What is observational learning
Also called social learning
Learning occurs through modelling when we observe behaviour of another and learn to imitate it
Biological perspective of personality
Personality is the result of individual differences in brain biology
Trait perspective of personality
Personality is a result of traits which are habitual patterns of behaviour, thought, and emotion that are relatively stable over time
What is the five factor model
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
What are the three categories of traits in the trait theory of personality
Cardinal traits
- rare and develop later in life; they dominate an individuals whole life, often to the point that the person becomes known specifically for these traits
Central traits
- are general characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality and describe people across different situations
Secondary traits
- are sometimes related to attitudes or preferences. These characteristics are dependent on the situation
What psychologist is associated with trait theory of personality
Hans Eysenck
Also influential to the biological perspective
Personality traits are hierarchical, a few foundational traits giving rise to a large array of superficial traits
Genetic differences determine personality traits
Variations in extraversion and neuroticism give rise to personality types
What is motivation
The diving force that causes us to act or behave in certain ways
Instincts
- unlearned behaviours in fixed patterns through out a species
Drives
- urges originating from physiological discomfort such as hunger pangs or dry throat
Needs
- biological needs and higher level needs such as the need for love and belonging
Arousal
- restlessness boredom or curiosity may motivate behaviour even when other needs are met
What is the drive reduction theory
A physiological need creates an aroused state that drives an organism to address that need by engaging in some behaviour that will reduce the arousal
Psychologist = hull
Who is the psychologist that created the pyramid for motivation
Abraham Maslow
Self actualization Esteem needs Love and belonging Safety needs Physiological needs
What are the three components of emotion
Physiological or bodily
Cognitive or mental
Behavioural or action
Who are the three psychologists that created theories of emotion
James Lange
- physiological arousal causes emotion
Cannon-Bard
- emotion and physiological arousal happen simultaneously
Schachter-Singer
- emotion is determined by arousal and context (situation!)
What is Yerkes-Dodson law of emotion
There is an optimal level of emotional arousal for performance
