classification and evolution

Question 1

define classification

Answer 1

the process of naming and organising organisms into groups based on their characteristics

Question 2

name eight groups in the classification hierarchy, from largest to smallest

Answer 2

Domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Question 3

advantages to binomial naming system

Answer 3

it is universal; an organisms binomial name is the same everywhere in the world

Question 4

name kingdoms

Answer 4

prokaryote
fungi
plantae
animalia

Question 5

name domains

Answer 5

bacteria
archaea
eukaryota

Question 6

how was the domain system of classification developed

Answer 6

by analysing molecular differences between organisms to determine their phylogeny

Question 7

properties of prokaryotae and example

Answer 7

-unicellular
-no membran bound organelles
-small ribosomes
-no feeding system so absorbs nutrients or photosynthesis

e.g bacteria

Question 8

properties of protoctista and example

Answer 8

-unicellular
-has a nucleus
-has membrane bound organelles
-nutrients absorbed by photosynthesis

e.g algae

Question 9

properties of fungi and example

Answer 9

-can be unicellular or multicellular
-have a nucleus
-have membrane bound organelles
-no choroplasts
-cannot move
-body made of threads or hyphae
-nutrients absorbed from dead matter
-food stored as glycogen

e.g mushrooms,yeast

Question 10

properties of plantae and example

Answer 10

-multicellular
-have a nucleus
-have membrane bound organelles
-have chloroplasts
-don’t move
-photosynthesis
-food stored as starch

e.g mosses, ferns

Question 11

properties of animalia and example

Answer 11

-multicellular
-have a nucleus
-membrane bound organelles
-no chloroplasts
-move using cilia flagella or muscle
-nutrients obtained by ingestion
-food stored as glycogen

e.g mammals, birds

Question 12

who proposed the 3 domain system

Answer 12

Carl Woese

Question 13

what is the three domain system divided based on

Answer 13

based on genetic differences

Question 14

what is the three domain system

Answer 14

-archaea
-bacteria
-eukarya

Question 15

what is archaea

Answer 15

primitive bacteria often found in extreme environments

Question 16

what eukarya

Answer 16

organisms with eukaryotic cells
e.g. plants, animals, fungi, protists

Question 17

what did charles darwin develop

Answer 17

theory of evolution by natural selection

Question 18

what did charles darwin observe

Answer 18

-variation between individuals in a species
-more offspring are produced than survive
-the competition for resource
-idea of survival of the fittest

Question 19

what did wallace and darwin do together

Answer 19

-both credited with the development of the process of natural selection

Question 20

what are the types of evidence for evolution

Answer 20

-fossils
-dna
-molecular evidence

Question 21

what is genetic variation

Answer 21

differences in alleles among individuals in a population, from mutations, meiosis and sexual reproduction

Question 22

what is environmental variation

Answer 22

-differences caused by environmental factors e.g diet, climate and lifestyle

Question 23

what is continuous variation

Answer 23

traits that show a range of phenotype e.g height

Question 24

what is discontinuous variation

Answer 24

traits that have distinct categories e.g blood type

Question 25

what is structural adaptations

Answer 25

physical features e.g body shape, camoflague

Question 26

what is behavioural adaptations

Answer 26

actions or patterns e.g mating rituals, migration

Question 27

what is physiological adaptations

Answer 27

internal processes e.g thermoregulation

Question 28

what is convergent evolution

Answer 28

unrelated species developing similar traits due to similar environmental pressures

Question 29

how is dna used to compare

Answer 29

dna code is universal so DNA codes for the same sequence of amino acids in any species mutations can occur in dna based which can be used to classify

Question 30

what is cytochrome c

Answer 30

use in respiration in all living things. isn’t identical in all species so can compare amino acid sequence from different species to make conclusions

Question 31

how is bacteria different to archaea

Answer 31

-different cell membrane structure -flagella with different internal structure -different enzymes for synthesising RNA -no proteins bound to their genetic material

Question 32

what are archaea shared features with eukaryotes

Answer 32

-similar enzymes for synthesising RNA -similar mechanisms for DNA replication

Question 33

phylogeny

Answer 33

study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

Question 34

what is interspecific variation

Answer 34

differences between species

Question 35

what is intraspecific variation

Answer 35

variation between members of the same species

Question 36

process of natural selection

Answer 36

1. mutation creates alternative versions of a gene 2. creates genetic variation between individuals in species 3. environment can select where there’s variety 4. individuals with advantageous characteristics will survive and reproduce 5. therefore they pass on their advantageous characteristics 6. next generation will have higher proportion of individuals with successful characteristics

Question 37

what effect does pesticides have on a species

Answer 37

insecticides applies a very strong selection pressure, if insect has sone resistance then it may survive. resistant insects reproduce and pass on resistance pesticides can accumulate in food chain if there are many resistant insects

Question 38

what effect does antibiotics have

Answer 38

antibiotics puts a selection pressure on bacteria. when taken it kills unresistant bacteria but leaves the resistant ones. so when you don’t finish the full course the resistant bacteria reproduce

Question 39

what is MRSA do

Answer 39

it is resistant to antibiotics