Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Reproduction > Clinical Disease of SA Repro Tract 2 > Flashcards

Clinical Disease of SA Repro Tract 2 Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the most common congenital defect seen in the dog?

A

Cryptorchidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

By what age should testicles be descended?

A

6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is the commonest site for undescended testcile to be stuck?

A

inguinal canal (may also be abdo or prescrotal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which dogs are predisposed to cryptorchidism?

A

Pedigree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are retained testicles more susceptible to?

A

Torsion and neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

WHat is the treatment of cryptorchidism?

A

Castration afvised to prevent future problems (removal of undescended testicle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Is anarchism/monarchism common?

A

no

- testicular hypoplasia possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are common causes of different sized testicles? Do they usually grow or shrink?

A
  • usually increase in size
  • Commonest cause neoplasia
  • Orchitis/epidydmitis
  • Torsion (rare)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is Dx of differnet sized testicles decided?

A
  • Hx, Pe
  • Ultrasound
  • Aspiration/Biopsy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is testicular neoplasia common in cats?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 most common testicular tumour types?

A
  • Interstitial cell (leydig)
  • Sertolli cell
  • Seminoma
    > === incidence
    > often multiple tumour types in single testicle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Are testicular tumours generally bening or malignant?

A 
Scrotal = benign
Retained = Malignant (potentially just due to diagnosed later?)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do metastases usually go to?

A
  • regional LNs

- viscera (occasionally)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which tumours produce hormones when functional? What paraneoplastic effects may this have?

A
  • Leydig = testosterone -> dominance
  • Sertoli = oestrogen -> feminisation
  • Seminomas -> rarely feminisation
    > Infertiility due to hormones and replacement of functiuonal tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why may one testicle become smaller?

A
  • Feminising hormones secreted by functional tumour of other testicle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is orchitis/epidydmitis common?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What clinical signs are associated with orchitis/epidydmitis?

A
  • epidydmal enlargement
  • testicular pain
  • tenseness, scrotal oedema
  • abscessation
  • systemic disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where do infections of the testciles originiate from>?

A
  • urinary tract
  • direct penetration
  • haematogenous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the clinical signs of chronic epidydmitis/orchitis?

A
  • small firm testicle
  • epidydmal enlargement
  • adhesions between tunics and scrotum v testicular mobility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the usualy treatment of orchitis/epidydmitis?

A

castration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When is testicular torsion more common and what is the general treatement?

A
  • retained testicle

- castration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are DDx for protruding penis?

A
  • Paraphimosis
  • Priapism
  • Trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is priaphimosis? What are potential causes?

A
  • non erect penis protrudes from prepuce
    > causes
  • narrowed preputial orifice (congenital or acquired)
  • penile enlargement after mating
  • failure of penis to stay in prepuce (short prepuce congen/acq, weak preputial/retractor penis mm., contracture following wound)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the treatment of paraphimosis?

A
  • symptomatic
  • Sx enlarging preputial orifice
  • phallopexy (weak mm)
  • preputial lengthening/reconstructive Sx
  • partial penile amputation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is priapism? Is it common?
Persistent erection >4 hours not associated with sexual excitement - uncommon in cats and dogs
26
What are the potential causes of priapism?
- trauma - perineal abscess - neurological disease
27
How can priapism be classified?
- non-ischaemic (arterial) entire penis partially rigid and non painful (penis may not be extruded) - ischaemic (veno-occlusive) painful rigid shaft, soft head
28
What further diagnositcs can be carried out in priapism?
- ultrasound | - blood gas analysis
29
Tx of priapism?
- buster collar, analgesia, topical Tx of penis (prevent self trauma and exposure) - Aspiration of blood, flushing of corpus cavernosum, injection of phenylephrine - if conservative measures fail or ischaemia present, amputation with perineal urethrostomy (cat) or scrotal urethrostomy (dog)
30
Ddx of penile masses? Diagnostics?
- inflammatory disease - Neoplasia - Urethral prolapse > Bipsy to distinguish inflam v neoplasia
31
Which dogs are predisposed to urethral prolapse?
Brachycephalic
32
Penile tumour types? Neoplasia of the penis common?
- TVT, SCC, papilloma, lymphoma, adenocarcinoma, MCT - Osteosarcoma, ossifying fibroma, chondrosarcoma > uncommon but seen more in dog than cat
33
What are common clinical signs of penile trauma?
- haemorrhage - dysuria - extravasion of urine (check swellings, if contained urine will -> necrosis of tissues [more common in cats])
34
When is extravasian of urine commonly seen?
- cats, incorrect catheter placement -> damaging urether
35
What is hypospadias?
- developmental abnormality of male external genitalia - failure of fusion of urogenital folds and incomplete formation of penile urethra > puppy will usually be euthanized , but may not be noticeable if mild
36
What is persistent frenulum? Tx?
- immature dogs, incompletely separated penis and prepuce after puberty - Tx = sectioning under GA or sedation
37
What is phimosis? Tx?
- inability to protrude penis out of preputial orifice - congential/acquired - Tx = surgical enlargement and Tx underlying condition (eg. autoimmune disease -> scarring at mucocutaneous junction)
38
Is preputial discharge normal?
- some creamy discharge in mature dogs normal | - severe/blood tinged should be investigated
39
What does dyschezia in the adult male dog usually indicate?
Prostatic enlargement
40
causes of prostatic enlargement in the dog?
- BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy) - Prostatitis/abscessation - prostatic cysts - Neoplasia
41
What is BPH?
- benign prostatic hypertrophy - commonest prostatic disease in entire male dogs - testosterone dependent - > UNIFORM symmetrical prostatic enlargement - dyschezia and rarely dysuria, haematuria/urethral bleeding
42
How is Dx of BPH made?
- PE, ultrasonography, bipsy rarely required
43
Tx of BPH?
> castration as testosterone dependent -> permenant involution within 3-12 weeks > medical Tx - antiandrogens (osaterone acetate, Ypozone) - synthetic progestagen (delmadinone acetate, Tardak) - GnRH analogue (Deslorelin, Suprelorion) - Oestrgoens - NOT recommended -> squamous metaplasia and other side effects - faecal softeners)
44
What pathology is the male equivalent to pyometra?
Prostatitis/prostatic abscessation
45
Which spp. more commonly get prostatis/abscessation?
- dogs (entire, due to secretory nature of prostate)
46
What is prostatitis commonly due to?
- UTI | - haematogenous spread
47
What clinical signs may be assocated with prostatic abscessation? What diagnostics should be carried out?
- purulent urethral discharge - systemic illness - VD+ PUPD dysuric, painful - occasionally collapse and septic shock > do haem/biochem, urinalysis and culture, cytology of aspirate, culture sense)
48
How is Dx of prostatitis confirmed? hat else should be checked for?
- PE, ultrasonography +- aspirate - rectal likely to be painful so not good > check for testicular involvement
49
How can prostatic abscessation be differentiated from BPH on radiography?
- BPH symmetrical | - abscessation assymetrical
50
Tx of prostatic abscessation?
Draininge - complete (any remnants may leak into peritoneal cavity)
51
Which sp are more prone to prostatic (parenchymal) and paraprostatic (periprostatic) cysts?
dog
52
What is the aetiology of prostatic cyts?
- unknown - likely due to secretory nature of prostate - 2* to squamous metaplasia, neoplaisa, resolved abscess, uterus masculinis remnant
53
What clinical signs are asscoated with prostatic and paraprostatic cysts?
- incidental finding - signs of rectal or UT obstruction - urethral discharge - NOT systemically sick
54
Diagnositcs and Tx of prostatic cysts
- Dx as for prostatic abscess (PE, ultrasound, +- aspirate) - Tx depends on location, size, clinical signs > rarely medical (aspirate) > usually surgical (castration, omentalisation) > biopsy cyst wall to check for neoplasia
55
How may prostatic neoplasia be seen on xray?
- bony changes around wings of ileum and sublumbar new bone formation
56
Is prostatic neoplasia common in cats and dogs?
no rare
57
Why is prostatic neoplasia different from many repro diseases?
Commonest prostatic disease in CASTRATED animals
58
What are the commonest prostatic tumour types?
- adenocarcinoma | - transitional cell carcinoma if developed from urethra
59
Are prostatic tumours aggressive?
Yes, locally invasive, metastasise
60
What clinical signs are associated with prostatic neoplasia?
- weight loss - pain and HL lameness - dyschezia/dysuria - HL oedema * Prostate NOT always enlarged* - may be firm and irregular on palpation
61
How is Dx of prostatic neoplasia confirmed?
- Tru cut incisional biopsy under US guidance
62
Prognosis of prostatic neoplasia? Tx?
Hopeless - Tx palliative eg. urethral stent, cystomotomy tube, NSAIDS (anticancer as well as analgesic) - prostatectomy rarely suitable option
63
eg. of prostatic surgeries. Commonest?
- Drainiage (omentalisation [commonest] drain insertion, marsupialisation) - Cyst resection - Biopsy - Prostatectomy (partial/total)

Reproduction (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions