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Female Genital Pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the commonest mechanism of entry for genital tract infection? When can infection occour?

A

> ascending infection

  • at oestrus
  • postpartum
  • equine placenta during pregnancy as cervix doesnt completely seal
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2
Q

How may pathogens enter the genital tract? Give egs.

A
  • ascending
  • haematogenous (usually pregnancy eg. brucellosis, salmonellosis, pestiviris, herpesvirus, aspergillosis)
  • descending (rare) some viral, chlamydia, ureaplasma
  • transneural (rare) recrudescence of herpessvirus
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3
Q

What defense mechanisms protect the genital tract?

A

> innate
- vaginal epithelium, cervix, conformation, myometrial tone and uterus contraction, drainiage of secretions, neutrophils/macrophages/complement/cytokines
adaptive
- response to pathogens but tolerating of spermatozoa and foetus
- humoral ABs (IgA and IgG)
- cellular lymphocytes

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4
Q

How may hormones influence immunity and vice versa?

A
  • oestrus ^ drainage
  • oestrogen ^ disease resistance by upregulating T and B lymphs
  • progesterone ^ susceptibility of disease
  • Inflammation of uterus v PGF2a production -> no lysis of CL
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5
Q

Give 5 developmental abnormalites

A
  • true hermaphrodite
  • pseudo hermaphrodite
  • chimerism
  • tract anomaly
  • ovarian anomalies
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6
Q

How is pseudohermaphrodism named?

A

after gonads not external genetalia

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7
Q

What is chimerism?

A

individual with cells from 2 sources eg. freemartinism

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8
Q

What is ovarian remnant syndrome?

A

Cycling animals despite neutering due to remnant left or present in peritoneal cavity

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9
Q

What should not be confused with functional cysts?

A

developmental cysts - no affect on cyclicity

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10
Q

Why do follicular or graafian cysts occour?

A
  • lack of LH surge due to low GnRH or lack of receptors

- may be due to stress (cortisol) or infection

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11
Q

What is a follicular cyst?

A

failure of mature follicule to ovulate
> 2.5cm in cow
> 1cm in sow

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12
Q

What clinical signs may be associated with follicular cysts?

A

Acyclicity (sows) and nymphomania (cows)

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13
Q

What is a luteal cyst?

A

Anovulation with luteinisation of theca

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14
Q

Why do luteal cysts occour?

A

lack of LH

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15
Q

Clinical signs of luteal cysts? Tx?

A
  • anoestrus

- PGF2a

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16
Q

What is a cystic corpora lutea? What should not be confused with this?

A
  • normal ovulation
  • ovulation papilla present
    > can be confused with luteal cysts
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17
Q

Other than cysts what ovarian pathologys are possible?

A
  • haemorrhage
  • adhesions
  • inflam “oophoritis” usually due to bacteria ascending/systemic
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18
Q

4 types of ovarian neoplasia? egs.

A 
> germ cell
- teratoma
- dysgerminoma
> gonadal stromal neoplasm
- granulosa cell
- thecoma
- luteoma 
> epithelial neoplasm
- cystadenoma
- cystadenocarcinoma 
> 2* tumours 
- lymphoma
- mammary carcinoma bitch
- intestinal carcinoma cow
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19
Q

Hw do dysgeminomas appear grossly? micro? prognosis?

A
  • smooth surface
  • areas of harmorrhage or necrosis
  • frequent mitototic figures and giant cells
  • mostly benign and undfferentiated
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20
Q

prognosis of teratomas?

A

mostly benign and well differentiated

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21
Q

What are sex cord-stromal tumours and what clinical signs may they cuase? Prognosis?

A
  • granulosa-theca cell tumour
  • smooth surface with solid or cystic cut surface
  • usualy benign
  • produce steroids -> masculinisation (andrgoens) anoestrus (inhibin) and nymphomania (oestrogen)
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22
Q

How do epithlial neoplasms appear grossly? Different types?

A
  • cystadenoma and cystcarcinoma

- often bilateral and shaggy, cauliflower like

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23
Q

Which species are epithelial neoplasmm most common?

A

dog

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24
Q

Prognosis of epithelial neoplasms?

A
  • contact metaplasia possible, may spread by implantation on peritoneal surface
  • ascites
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25
What pathologies may fallopian tubes (salpinx) incur?
- hydrosalpinx congenital or aquired - pyosalpinx - salpingitis (usually 2* ascending infection, common in gilts)
26
What are the 3 main non-infectious pathologies of the uterus?
- torsion (preg or yo, may be at cervix or tip of horn) - rupture (dystocia or fluid tx of uterus) - prolapse (hypocalcaemia, oestrogen^ , dystocia)
27
What is CEH-pyo syndrome?
- cystic endometrial hyperplasia - due to excessive and prolonged oestrogenic stimulation (endo or exogenous) - predisposes pyo
28
Why may mucometra/hydrometra occour?
- congential or aquired obstruction - excessive fluid production eg. with endometrial hyperplasia (more common in older dogs due to frequent gland hyperplasia each season)
29
When may endomeritis occour?
- post service due to semen | - post-partum
30
What occours with endometritis?
- infiltration of lymphoctes and plasma cells into mucosa
31
pathogeneis of endometritis?
- mild cases self-limiting - severe cases can become chronic and fibrous (if no E4 to sitmulate inflammation) - > persistnet CL in mare and cow if chronic
32
Which species commonly gets endometritis?
Mares - persistent mating induced esp. older mares due to conformation
33
Common endometritis pathogens in the cow?
``` > venereal - herpes virus - tritrichomonas foetus - campylobacter foetus venerealis > postpartum - pyogenic cocci - coliforms - T. pyogenes ```
34
Common endometrititis pathogens in the mare?
- a-haemolytic strep - Klebsiella pnuemonia - E. COli - Taylorella Equigenitalis CEM - pseudomonas aeroguinosa
35
How does metritits differ to endometritits?
All ayers of uterine wall affected | - more severe due to possible toxaemia/septicaemia
36
Pathology of metritits grossly?
- dull congested serosa - paintbrush haemorrhages - thickened, oedematous and friable uterinae wall - yellow-red exudate with foul odour
37
Which dogs are commonly affected by pyometra?
- older nulliparous dogs
38
When does pyo usually present?
- few weeks after oestrus under progesterone exposure following oestrogen priming - may be predisposed by UTI - CEH (cystic endometrial hyperplasia) predisposes
39
Commonest pathogens causing pyo in the bitch?
- E.coli causing brownish viscous exudate | - Strep causing creay yellow exudate
40
What may occour after pyo?
- toxaemia/bacteraemia -> widespread extramedullary haemoatopoiesis ad immune-complex glomerulopathy
41
How does pyometra in the cow differ to the bitch?
- not due to EH - uterine disease usually predisposes (endometrirtis/metritis) - most early post-partum though may be venereal
42
What does pyo in the cow cause?
- persistent CL and ^ P4 levels
43
Why is pyo less life threatening in the cow?
Cervix functionaly closed but still slightly open allowing for discharge -> rarely systemic signs seen
44
COmmon pyo pathogens of the cow
- haemolytic strep - staph - coliforms - trueperella pyogenes - pseudomonas auroguinosa - tritrichomonas foetus venerealis
45
What pathogen usually causes pyo in the sow?
Trueperella pyogenes
46
How do horses differ to other spp. wrt pyo?
- mares continue cycling during disease, soemtimes prolonged cycle - some cases follow dystocia with infection, many do not - mostly no cervical closure -> discharge and seldom systemic disesse
47
Which pathogens are involved in equine pyo?
- strep zooepidemicus - E. COli - Actiniomyces spp. - Pasturella spp. - Pseudomonas > similar to endometritits
48
Which species is most commonly affected by leiomyoma? Prognosis?
- Bitch - benign but multiple also affecting cervix and vagina - oestrogens responsible for maintaining -> spaying will eradicate
49
Gross and microscopic appearance of leimyoma?
- firm pink or white, swirled smooth muscle cells
50
Which species is most commonly afected by carcinoma? When is this diagnosed? What is it and why is it important?
- cows - found at meal inspecition - epithelial neoplasia with glandular pattern, firm neoplasm with fibrous response - suspect EBL (actually lymphosarcoma) (enzootic bovine leukosis: Notifiable disease)
51
Where does uterine carcinoma usually metstasise to?
- regional LNs - lungs - seeding in peritoneum
52
What defines lymphosarcoma?
- arising in lymphoid tissue
53
Egs. of lymphsarcoma?
EBL
54
Which organs are affected by EBL?
- heart - abomasum - LNs - uterus
55
Give egs. of non-infectious vulva and vaginal diseases
- persistent hymen, vaginal septum - rupture - stricture/stensosis - abnormal tumefaction (swelling of the vulva, normal in season) - hyperplasia, hypertrophy and prolpase - vaginal cysts and polyps (common in older bitches)
56
What are the 4 inflammatory diseases of the vulva and vagina?
- post partum trauma - granular vaginitis/vulvitis - Herpesvirus (IPV, CHV-1, EHV-3 coital exanthema) - Dourine (notifiable)
57
What is IPV? What is the equivalent in the opposite sex? Spread? Prognosis?
Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, infectious balanoposthitis - caused by BVH-1 - venereal or nose-vulva contact spread - lymphoid nodules form,self limiting, only seen in hiefers
58
Which neoplasms are possible in the vulva and vagina?
- leiomyoma - TVT - fibropapilloma - SCC
59
How are TVT cells different to normal?
Less chromosomes
60
How is TVT transmitted?
Venereal transmission of neoplastic cells
61
Histo of TVT?
- large, round, neoplastic cells, occasional large bizarre nuclei
62
Tx and prognosis of TVT?
- vincristine responsive | - metastasises in dogs with poor heALTH
63
What does BPV-1 cause?
fibropapilloma
64
What is SCC caused by?
radiation damage eg. sunlight

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