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cns Flashcards

1
Q

PNS is composed of

A

of nerves (cranial and spinal) and ganglia outside brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

CNS is composed of

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Brain is comprised

A

forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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4
Q

what is the forebrain composed of

A

cerebral hemishperes

diacephalon

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5
Q

hindbrain compistion

A

pons medulla cerebellum

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6
Q

Frontal function

A

Regulating and initiating motor function, language, cognitive functions (executive function [e.g. planning], attention, memory)

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7
Q

Parietal

A

Sensation (touch, pain), sensory aspects of language, spatial orientation and self-perception

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8
Q

Temporal

A

Processing auditory information

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9
Q

Occipital

A

Processing visual information

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10
Q

what is the inside lobe called

A

Limbic lobe

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11
Q

function

A

Concerned with learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward.

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12
Q

comprises of

A

limbic lobeincludes the amygdala, hippocampus, mamillary body, and cingulate gyrus

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13
Q

which lobe lies deep within lateral fissure

A

Insular cortex

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14
Q

function

A

Concerned with visceral sensations, autonomic control, and interoception, auditory processing, visual-vestibular integration

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15
Q

what are the 2 layers of the dura called

A

periosteal - layer of periosteum

meningeal - durable, dense fibrous membrane

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16
Q

which epithelial cell produces csf

A

choroid plexus

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17
Q

where in the brain

A

of lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

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18
Q

where is the csf found

A

Occupies ventricular system and sub-arachnoid space

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19
Q

what strcuture reabsorbs it

A

Reabsorbed via arachnoid villi

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20
Q

to what region

A

superior sagittal sinus

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21
Q

4 diff between csf and plasma

A

Lower pH
less glucose
protein
potassium

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22
Q

how many regions does teh spine have

A

5

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23
Q

what do segments give rise to

A

each gives rise to a pair of mixed spinal nerves

one from right side
one from left side

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24
Q

what are the regions

A 
cervical nerves 
thoracic nerves 
lumbar nerves 
sacral nerves 
conccygeal nerve
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25
Q

how many segmensts does cevical have

A

8

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26
Q

thoracic

A

12

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27
Q

lumbar

A

5

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28
Q

sacral

A

5

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29
Q

coccygeal

A

1

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30
Q

where do the nerves emerge from

A

through intervertebral foramina

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31
Q

where do nerves c1-c7 emerge

A

above vertebrae

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32
Q

and Nerves C8-Co1

A

emerge below vertebrae

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33
Q

why is the Cervical enlargement

A

innervation of upper limbs

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34
Q

why is Lumbar enlargement

A

innervation of lower limbs

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35
Q

Major pathway for voluntary movement is the

A

corticospinal tract

36
Q

composed of

A

upper and lower motor nuerons

37
Q

where are the upper motor nuerons

A

primary motor cortex

38
Q

lower m n

A

brainstem and spinal cord

39
Q

is it a ascending or de pathway

A

descending

40
Q

what is the main pathway for bringing sensation from the body to the brain

A

dorsal column pathway

spinothalamic tract

41
Q

what does the spinothalamic pathway function

A

pain, temperature (and crude touch) from the skin.

42
Q

and Dorsal column pathway

A

fine touch, vibration and proprioception (position

43
Q

are theu ascending or descending

A

a

44
Q

are they motor or sensory

A

sensory

45
Q

when are lower motor nuerons in brainstem

A

if they are going to the head or neck muscles

46
Q

and if the l m b in spinal cord

A

muscle of truck and limb

47
Q

lateral corticospinal tract supply

A

limb muscles

48
Q

anterior corticospinal tract supply

A

truck muscles

49
Q

what is the pathway that goes from primary motor cortex to the muscle of the face

A

corticobulbar tract

50
Q

Vestibulospinal tract function

A

provides information about head movement and position and mediates postural adjustmentst

51
Q

Tectospinal

A

orientation of the head and neck during eye movements

52
Q

Reticulospinal

A

control of breathing and emotional motor function

53
Q

Rubrospinal

A
  • innervate lower motor neurons of the upper limb
54
Q

where is the primary motor cortex

A

pre central gyrus

55
Q

post central gyrus houses what

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

56
Q

First synapse of the gracile tract is

A

in the gracile nucleus

57
Q

First synapse of the cuneate tract

A

is in the cuneate nucleus

58
Q

how many nuerons do the sensory pathway have

A

3

59
Q

where does its first one have its cell body

A

dorsal root ganglion

60
Q

2nd one has cell body where

A

medulla

in gracile or cuneate nuclues

61
Q

where is the 3rd nueron

A

thalmus

62
Q

the 3rd order neurons from the thalamus project to the

A

somatosensory cortex

63
Q

Size of somatotopic areas is proportional to

A

density of sensory receptors in that body region (somatosensory homunculus

64
Q

spinothalmic tract pathway

A

primary motor neurone coming into the spinal cord

second order neurone crossing nto the other side

third order nuerone from thalmus to the brain

65
Q

difference between spinothalmic tract and dorsal tract

A

primary nuerone comes into dorsal horn
synapses onto second order nuerone on the level it comes in
crosses over into other side §

66
Q

lateral spinothalamic tract sensation

A

Pain and temperature sensations ascend

67
Q

anterior spinothalamic tract

A

Crude touch

68
Q

how the spinal nerve break down

A

dorsal/ventral root
to
d/v rootlets

69
Q

what do all secondary nuerons do

A

synapse

switch side

70
Q

what are ascending tracts

A

neural pathways by which sensory information from the peripheral nerves is transmitted to the cerebral cortex.

71
Q

how many order nuerons do they have

A

3

72
Q

what are the 2 pathways signals travel through the dorsal column

A

fasciculus cuneatus

fasciculus gracilis

73
Q

where do the dorsal coloumn nuerons desscuate/cross over and synapse

A

medulla (either in the nucleus gracilis or nucleus cuneatus)

74
Q

where do the 3rd order nuerones begin

A

thalamus

75
Q

where do the signals go from the thalamus

A

third order neurones transmit the sensory signals from the thalamus to the ipsilateral primary sensory cortex of the brain

76
Q

in an lesion to the spinal cord affecting dorsal column will where the sensory loss will be

A

ipsilateral same side

as they cross over/decussation occurs in the medulla oblongata

77
Q

major difference in spinothalamic tract and dorsal

A

The first order neurone decussate in at the tip of the dorsal horn

78
Q

where do the 2nd nuerons go

A

thalamus

79
Q

what sensation enters the anterior spinothalamic tract.

A

Crude touch and pressure fibres

80
Q

lateral spinothalamic tract.

A

Pain and temperature fibres

81
Q

what do the 3rd order nuerones do

A

The third order neurones carry the sensory signals from the thalamus to the ipsilateral primary sensory cortex of the brain

82
Q

what would the sensory loss to a lesion. affecting the stt

A

this sensory loss will be contralateral (the spinothalamic tracts decussate within the spinal cord).

83
Q

what does the middle cerebral artery supply

A

a portion of the frontal lobe and the lateral surface of the temporal and parietal lobes, including the primary motor and sensory areas of the face, throat, hand and arm, and in the dominant hemisphere, the areas for speech.

84
Q

so a stroke to primary motor cortex can affect

A

it affects the ability of the brain to control the body’s movement.

85
Q

Signals from the upper limb (T6 and above) (in dorsal) travel via which pathway

A

fasciculus cuneatus

86
Q

Signals from the lower limb (below T6) – travel in the

A

fasciculus gracilis

nuero (36 decks)

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