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nuero > structure of airway > Flashcards

structure of airway Flashcards

1
Q

what is hyperventilation

A

Excessive ventilation of the lungs atop of metabolic demand (results in reduced PCO2 - alkalosis)
more o2 less co2

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2
Q

what is tachypnoea

A

Abnormally fast breathing rate

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3
Q

tidal volume

A

normal amount Tidal volume is the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle

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4
Q

inspiratory reverse volume

A

The amount of extra air inhaled — above tidal volume — during a forceful breath in.

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5
Q

expiritory reserve volume

A

Your expiratory reserve volume is the amount of extra air — above anormal breath — exhaled during a forceful breath out. T

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6
Q

residual volume

A

is the amount of air that remains in a person’s lungs after fully exhaling.

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7
Q

functional residual capacity

A

expiritory reserve + residual volume

is the volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration

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8
Q

what is capacity

A

sum of 2 or more volumes

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9
Q

inspiriratory capacity

A

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration. It is the sum of the TIDAL VOLUME and the INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME.

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10
Q

vital capacity

A

) is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation. It is equal to the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume

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11
Q

what is minute ventilation

A

Gas entering and leaving the lungs

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12
Q

how do you worl it out

A

tidal volume * breathing frequency

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13
Q

what is alveolar ventialtion

A

gas entering and leaving alveoli

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14
Q

How do you calculate alveolar ventilation

A

(tidal volume-dead space) * breathing rate

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15
Q

factors affecting lung volume and capacity

A 
gender 
body size(height not weight) 
fitness (children of athletic parents have larger lungs)
age 
disease
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16
Q

what are 2 dead spaces

A

conducting zone and non-perfused parenchyma

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17
Q

the conducting zone is equivalent to

A

anatomical dead space

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18
Q

how much space should non perfused parenchyma cells take up (aka alveolar dead space)

A

0mL

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19
Q

why are they dead space

A

no gas exchange occurs at those places

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20
Q

what is the anatomical and alveolar dead space termed as

A

physiological dead space

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21
Q

how can you increase the amount of dead space

A

anaesthetic circuit snorkeling

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22
Q

decrease

A

tracheostomy

cricothyrotomy

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23
Q

what is dead space

A

Dead space is unable to participate in gas exchange

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24
Q

how is the chest and lungs connected

A

The chest wall has a tendency to spring outwards, and the lung has a tendency to recoil inwards

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25
Q

what are the forces normally

A

These forces are in equilibrium at end-tidal expiration (functional residual capacity; FRC), which is the ‘neutral’ position of the intact chest.

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26
Q

what pressure changes causes inspiration

A

Inspiratory muscle effort + chest recoil > lung recoil

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27
Q

expiration

A

Chest recoil < lung recoil + expiratory muscle effort

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28
Q

what is the visceral pleura pressure

A

negative pressure

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29
Q

what is Negative pressure breathing

A

Palv is reduced below Patm

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30
Q

how is it caused to be negative

A

diaphragm pulling down and the ribcage out

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31
Q

what is Positive pressure breathing

A

Patm is increased above Palv

32
Q

example of negative pressure breathing

A

normal brething

33
Q

positive pressure breathing

A

resusitation
cpap machine
mechanical ventilation

34
Q

what are transmural pressures

A

pressure across membrane

35
Q

trans respiratory system pressure

A

describe sventilation
decrease alveolar pressure you creeate a negative value

so when it is not 0 air is flowing

36
Q

what is the main driving force in ventilation

A

diaphragm pulling downwards

37
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

ventilating entire airways

38
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

= ventilating alveoli

39
Q

what is the pleural cavity

A

Pleural cavity is a partial vacuum

40
Q

what does max ventilation

A

Maximum ventilation involves full inspiratory muscle recruitment (syringe and bucket handle movement)

41
Q

dalton law

A

Pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum (Σ) of the partial pressures (P) of gases in that mixture

42
Q

fick

A

Molecules diffuse from regions of high concentration to low concentration at a rate proportional to the concentration gradient (P1-P2), the exchange surface area (A) and the diffusion capacity (D) of the gas, and inversely proportional to the thickness of the exchange surface (T)

v(gas)= a/t * D * (p1-p2)

43
Q

henry

A

At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid

44
Q

Boyle

A

At a constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of that gas

45
Q

charles

A

At a constant pressure, the volume of a gas is proportional to the temperature of that gas

46
Q

what is the gas composition of a house fire

A

less 02
more c02
more co

47
Q

in altidue

A

the composition is the same

but air is “thinner”

48
Q

changes that occur as you pass down the respiratory tree

A

WARMED, HUMIDIFIED, SLOWED and MIXED as air passes down the respiratory tree

49
Q

what happens after o2 binds to haemoglobin

A

conformational chnage
affinity of heamoglobon for o2 increase
positive co operation

50
Q

what can bind in the middle

A

2 3 dpg

51
Q

function

A

facilitates unloading

52
Q

what type of protien is heamoglobin

A

allosteric

53
Q

what are problems with pulse oximeters

A

they detect o2 binding not o2 concentration

need to know their heamoglobin

54
Q

how do you shift the o2 dissocitation curve to the right

A 
high temp 
acidosis (bohr effect) (co2 lactic acid)
hypercapnia (high co2)
more 2 3 DPG 
(basically exercise)
55
Q

how to shift to the left

A 
increase affinity 
less temp 
alkalosis 
hypocapnia 
less  2 3 dpg
56
Q

how to get a downward shift

A

anaemia
Impaired oxygen-carrying
capacity

57
Q

upward shift

A

Polycythaemia

Increased oxygen-carrying capacity

58
Q

what is up or down shift all about

A

amount of red blood cell to carry o2

59
Q

what is the down left shift

A

high HbCO
Decreased capacity
Increased affinity
Less o2 bind and less unloading

60
Q

what is the difference in affinity of Foetal haemoglobin

A

Greater affinity than adult HbA to ‘extract’ oxygen from mothers blood in placenta

61
Q

what is the affinity difference in myoglobin

A

Much much greater affinity than adult HbA to ‘extract’ oxygen from circulating blood and store it.

62
Q

instead of deoxygenated what term should be used instead

A

mixed venous blood

63
Q

how is carbon dioxide transported in blood

A

binds with h2o slowly to form
h2co3 (non enzymatically)
disscoiates into h+ and HCO3-

64
Q

how can co2 be transported in the red blood cells

A

same reaction but cataylse of carbonic anhydrase

then hco3- moves out of rbc and chloride moves in

65
Q

what is significant about the chloride shift

A

Negative chloride ions enter the RBC to maintain resting membrane potential

66
Q

what transporter is involved

A

AE1 transporter

67
Q

another method

A

can bind to heamoglobin

carbmenoheamoglobin

68
Q

is gas exchnage faster for o2 or co2

A

co2

69
Q

how does uncontrolled type 1 diabetes cause right shift

A

production of ketones

acidosis

70
Q

why doesnt sunbathing cause right switch

A

because temp refers to temp of your muscles, humans can adapt to temp amd would sweat to combat

71
Q

list all the diff ways o2 can be trasnported

A

O2 transported in solution (~2%) or bound to Hb (~98%)

72
Q

list all diff ways co2 can be transported

A

CO2 transported in solution, as bicarbonate (HCO3-) and as carbamino compounds (e.g. HbCO2

73
Q

feotal and myoglobin have a higher or. lower affinity for o2

A

Foetal Hb and myoglobin have a greater affinity for O2

74
Q

is expiritory reserve

A

fake

75
Q

is expiration greater than isnpiration

A

yep as tempreture increases

nuero (36 decks)

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