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nuero > intro to bone > Flashcards

intro to bone Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the MSK system?

A

bone muscle and connective tissue

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2
Q

what makes up the connecive tissues

A

tendons ligaments and cartilage

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3
Q

what is the axial skeleton

A

skull vertebral column and ribcage

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4
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

: pectoral girdle, Upper and Lower Limbs, Pelvic girdle

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5
Q

name 5 function of skeleton

A 
support (helps you stand 
protection of vital organs 
movements- work with muscles 
minreal storage- stores calcium and phosphate 
produces blood cell- bone marrow
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6
Q

endochondral ossification precoursor

A

cartilage precoursor from hyaline cartilage

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7
Q

where are the 2 ossification centres

A

primary in the middle of long bone
and secondary at the end
the gap inbetween in the epipyseal plate

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8
Q

what happens in endochondral ossification

A

In endochondral ossification, bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage. Cartilage does not become bone. Instead, cartilage serves as a template to be completely replaced by new bone. Endochondral ossification takes much longer than intramembranous ossification. Bones at the base of the skull and long bones form via endochondral ossification.

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9
Q

what makes up bones

A

cells and matrix

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10
Q

what are the bone cells

A

Osteogenic Cell
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast

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11
Q

what is the precoursor of all the bone cells

A

osteogenic

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12
Q

what are osteogenic cells

A

bone stem cell

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13
Q

what are osteoblast

A

bone forming
secreate osteoid
catayle minrealsation of osteoid

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14
Q

what are osteoids

A

which is the unmineralized matrix composed of type I collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

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15
Q

function of osteocyte

A

sense mechanical strain to direct osteoclast and osteoblast activity

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16
Q

how is it formed

A

mature bone cell

formed when an osteoblast becomes imbedded in its secreation

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17
Q

osteoclast function

A

bone breaking

dissolve and resorb bonr by phagocytosis

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18
Q

origin

A

bone marrow

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19
Q

where can you find osteogenic cells

A

– Deep layers of periosteum

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20
Q

find osteoblasts

A

– Growing portions of bone, including periosteum and endosteum

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21
Q

osteocytes

A

– Entrapped in Matrix

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22
Q

Osteoclasts

A

– Bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured or unneeded bone

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23
Q

what is teh bone matrix made up of

A

organic and inorganic components

24
Q

what makes up organic component

A

type 1 collagen and ground substance

25
Q

what makes up inorganic component

A

calcium hydroxyapatite

Osteocalcium Phosphate

26
Q

what is the ground substance made if

A

Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins
Cytokine and Growth Factors

27
Q

what is the cycle of bones

A

from immature to mature

28
Q

how are immature bone

A

First bone that is produced

Laid down in a ‘woven’ manner – relatively weak

29
Q

how does it form mature bone

A

Mineralized and replaced by mature bone

30
Q

describe strength and strcuture of mature bone

A

Mature bone:
Mineralized woven bone
Lamellar (layer) structure – relatively strong

31
Q

what are the types of bone

A

Cortical, Cancellous

32
Q

what is Cancellous and what is it suitable for

A

‘Spongy’ – honeycomb structure

Not suitable for weight baring

33
Q

what is Cortical and suited fior

A

‘Compact’ – dense

Suitable for weight baring

34
Q

where do you find cortical nd cancellous bone

A

flat bones of the skull

femur

35
Q

what is osteons

A

unit of bone that makes up cortical bone

36
Q

what are osteons made of

A

concentric ‘Lamellae’ around a central ‘Haversian Canal’

37
Q

what is the haversian canal /contain

A

contain blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics.

38
Q

what is it made by

A

osteoblasts but become osteocytes as they become trapped by their own minreal matrix

39
Q

what connects 2 haversian systems together

A

volkmans canal

40
Q

what orientation

A

transverse perforating canals

41
Q

what is the structure of a long bone/adult

A

cortical bone on the outside
cancellous bone inside
primary ossification centre in centre
2 secondary ossification at each end

42
Q

and a child femur at the end /strcutures

A

epiphysis
physis-> growing area
metaphysis
diaphysis –> long bone

43
Q

what are 2 ways bones grow

A

interstital and appositional

44
Q

what is interstitial growth

A

long bone growth

increasing in lengths

45
Q

apposisstional growth

A

increasing in diameter

46
Q

where does teh interistital growth occur

A

at the physis

Zone of elongation in long bone

47
Q

how does appositional growth occur

A

deposition of bone beneath the periosteum to increase thickness

48
Q

sequence

A

Ridges in periosteum create groove for periosteal blood vessel
Periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum-lined tunnel
Osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward center of tunnel, forming a new osteon
Bone grows outwards as osteoblasts in periosteum build new circumferential lamellae. Osteon formation repeats as new periosteal ridges fold over blood vessel.

49
Q

Calcitonin controls sodium how

A

– stimulates calcium uptake into bone

50
Q

three classifcation of bones

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

51
Q

cartilage joints have

A

cartilage inbetween the joint

52
Q

what is special in a synobial joint

A

synovial fluid secreated in synnovial cavity by a synovial membrane

53
Q

function of Synovial fluid

A

reduce friction during movement

54
Q

How are synovial joints stabilized?

A

bone surface
ligaments
muscle/tendons

55
Q

ligaments in stability

A

Prevent excessive movement that could damage joint
More ligaments and tighter ligaments  greater stability BUT less mobility
Less ligaments and laxer ligaments  greater mobility BUT less stability

56
Q

what is poor stability danger of

A

risk of dislocation

57
Q

what is intramembranous ossification

A

During intramembranous ossification, compact and spongy bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles (collarbones) are formed via intramembranous ossification.

nuero (36 decks)

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