CNS Classes 1-3 Flashcards
1
Q
the _____ is made up of the brain and spinal cord
A
CNS
2
Q
the autonomic NS is sometimes referred to as the _____ NS
A
vegetative
3
Q
the ____ is made up of cranial nerves, spinal nerves and anything NS related outside of the brain and SC
A
PNS
4
Q
the boundary between CNS & PNS is known as the ______ foramen
A
intervertebral
5
Q
Motor neurons aka ____ neurons conduct signals from the CNS to the effectors
A
efferent
6
Q
sensory neurons aka ______ neurons, conduct signals from receptors to the CNS
A
afferent
7
Q
the _____ is voluntary while the ____ is involuntary
A
SNS, ANS
8
Q
the sympathetic NS is responsible for the _____ ______ response
A
fight or flight
9
Q
the _______ NS is responsible for the rest and digest response
A
parasympathetic
10
Q
parenchymal cells are aka ____ cells
A
functional cells
11
Q
_____ extend form the neuron cell body and received messages from other neurons
A
dendrites
12
Q
_____ extend from the cell body and often give rise to many smaller branches before ending at nerve terminals
A
axons
13
Q
______ send signals using action potentials
A
neurons
14
Q
____ are the contact points where one neuron communicates with another
A
synapse
15
Q
______ neurons usually have one process and are mostly found in invertebrates
A
unipolar
16
Q
______ neurons are usually an oval shape, containing 2 processes, found in the retina (for example)
A
bipolar
17
Q
_______ neurons are an axon splitting into one branch terminating in the periphery while the second branch terminates in the spinal cord
A
pseudounipolar
18
Q
______ neurons have many dendrites that can originate from different regions of a cell body, varying in shape and size
A
multipolar
19
Q
____ are diverse cells providing developmental, physiological and mental support for neurons while maintaining homeostasis
A
neuroglia
20
Q
______ ____ are extended and modified plasma membranes wrapped around an axon
A
myelin sheaths
21
Q
____ cells myelinate axons in the PNS
A
schwann cells
22
Q
_____ cells regulate nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neuron cell bodies in the ganglia
A
satellite
23
Q
_____ perform 3 main functions
A
astrocytes
24
Q
which of the following are functions of astrocytes:
a) maintaining the BBB
b) gliosis/astrocytosis
c) provide structural support
d) all of the above
A
d) all of the above
25
T/F astrocytes can alert macrophages if an immune response is needed
true
26
____ myelinate axons in the CNS
oligodendrocytes
27
when oligodendrocytes are attacked by MS is results in lesions of demyelinated neurons called _____
plaques
28
_____ line ventricles in the brain and spinal cord
ependymal cells
29
_____ cells continue to divide and replicate throughout life
labile
30
give an example of labile cells
epithelial cells
31
____ cells are smooth muscle cells and normally stop dividing when growth stops
stable
32
give an example of stable cells
hepatocytes
33
T/F permanent cells can undergo mitotic division
false, they cannot
34
once permanent or fixed cells are destroyed they are replaced by _____ _____ tissue
fibrous scar tissue
35
_____ is the ability of the brain to form and recognize synaptic connection
neuroplasticity
36
______ is when the axon is damaged but the endoneurium and most of the surrounding myelin sheath is still intact
axonotmesis
37
another term for wallerian degeneration is _______
anterograde
38
anterograde degeneration happens at the distal end of the axon ____ - ____ days after the injury
7-21
39
_____ means nerve divided, the endoneurium is no longer intact
neurotmesis
40
T/F when neurotmesis take place axonal regeneration is unlikely due to the myelin sheath being more severely damaged
true
41
T/F injured cells in the CNS regenerate
false
42
T/F CNS cells are highly metabolically active
true
43
the following are different ways cell ____ can occur
compression, direct trauma, infections and poisons/toxins
death
44
______ is the input of sensory information from a body part to the brain
afferentation
45
if an infection is caused by bacteria it is
a)pyogenic
b)lymphocytic
c) granulomatous
a) pyogenic
46
if an infection is caused by a virus it is
a) granulomatous
b) lymphocytic
c)myelitis
b) lymphocytic
47
if an infection is caused by fungi, yeast or super bacteria it is
a)meningitis
b) pyogenic
c)granulomatous
c) granulomatous
48
_____ is a bacterial infection in the parenchyma
encephalitis
49
meningitis is a viral infection attacking the brains ___ ____
protective membranes
50
_____ is fungi, yeast, or super bacteria in the spinal cord parenchyma
myelitis
51
____ meningitis is fungi,yeast or super bacteria in the spinal cord membranes
spinal
52
_____/____ information is carried from the body's tissue via receptors
afferent/sensory
53
_____/______ information is caused by transmission of directive signals from the CNS effectors in the body tissues
efferent/ motor
54
incoming sensory info triggers automatic efferent reaction without having to reach the brain, this is called a ______
reflex
55
data that is carried as afferent transmission along the neurons of sensory system into the CNS for interpretation and response is referred to as ____ input
sensory
56
an example of sensation receptors include _______ and _____
olfactory receptors and nociceptors
57
T/F all sensation is assigned by the brain
true
58
the distal receptors at the end of afferent neurons are called ____ ____ neurons
first order neurons
59
first order neurons aka supply tissues are meant to convey the transmission to the ____ ____ with synapses occuring in the dorsal horn or brainstem
spinal cord
60
______ or sensory neurons carry the afferentation to the thalamus
secondary
61
the ____ is the reception/relay station for the brain
a)hippocampus
b)thalamus
c) cerebellum
b) thalamus
62
the thalamus is in charge of sensation being conveyed via the tertiary or third order neurons to the _______ cortex
somatosensory
63
T/F each first-order neuron's receptor is located in the tissue it is responsible for sensing and reporting about, it generates info about specific stimulus (receptive field)
true
64
the ____ branches of the first-order neurons for a tissue area are bundled in fascicles
peripheral
65
T/F peripheral branches are grouped together into peripheral nerves
true
66
T/F peripheral nerves each carry a group of neurons that sense the same tissue and all report to the same spinal cord segment
false, they do not all report to the same spinal cord segment
67
a ____ nerve contains all the neurons whose functions correspond to one spinal cord level
spinal
68
spinal nerves pattern of skin responsibility is called its _____
dermatome
69
_____ means "of the root", the spinal nerve is the combination of the nerve roots from that spinal segment
radicular
70
____ ____: when a sense has receptors distributed throughout the body in various tissue types (pain, temp, motion)
general sense
71
____ ___: receptors located in one part of the body, they have a special sense organ dedicated to them and often have dedicated interpretation areas in the brain as well (vision, touch, taste)
special sense
72
___ sense: they do not have distinct receptors, integrating data from several types of sensory categories
?
73
______receptors sense mechanical forces
mechanoreceptors
74
____ receptors sense temperature
thermoreceptors
75
_____receptors sense potential damage
nociceptors
76
______ receptors sense position
proprioceptors
77
_____ receptors sense movement
kinesthetic
78
_____ receptors sense movement
kinesthetic
79
_____receptors sense humidity
hydro
80
_____receptors sense osmolarity
osmoreceptors
81
____receptors sense blood pressure
baroreceptors
82
____receptors sense chemicals
chemoreceptors
83
____receptors sense electricity
electroreceptors
84
_____receptors sense electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic receptors
85
____receptors sense magnetic fields
magnetorceptors
86
_____receptors are chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in organs
visceroreceptors
87
____ nerve endings are unmyelinated, very common and found in skin
free
88
_____ receptors are bulbous, lamellar, and encapsulated in a structure to attune them to specific stimuli like detecting vibrations
encapsulated
89
____ cells: the receptor is a complex distinct cell that synapses with the first order neurons - used for special senses
specialized
90
____: priority of the sensory system to keep track of new or worrisome stimuli
adaptation
91
____ receptors adapt slowly to a stimulus, continuing to produce action potentials for the duration of the stimulus
tonic
92
____ receptors adapt rapidly to a stimulus, these allow the body to ignore constant unimportant information like the constant pressure of your clothes on your body
phasic
93
____ threshold receptors are categorized by how sensitive they are to their adequate stimulus
firing
94
_____ threshold receptors are sensitive, immediately responding to stimulus
low
95
______ threshold receptors have a higher activation threshold, used to detect harm or potential harm to tissues, sensitive to chemicals and extreme temperatures
high
96
_____ the process of second-order neurons carrying information
contralateral
from one side of the brain to the other
decussation
97
the dorsal horn is divided into 6 layers or _____
laminae
98
_____ neurons are the thalamus's communication channels
third order
99
the _____ is essential to sensory system function
thalamus
100
thalamic neurons have ____ and _____ modes
burst and tonic
101
______ is used to alert brain centres they are about to receive new info
burst
102
______ is used to transmit the info to the brain centre
tonic
103
the ______ is where rudimentary of a stimulus or event occur and plays a role in central modulation
thalamus
104
the sensory cortex consists of the ____ and _____ cortexes
primary and secondary
105
______ organization: all incoming date related to an occurance in a body part arrives and coalesces in the S1 for that body part
homunculus
106
S1 is organized ______
somatotopically
107
____ ______ is the perfect example of a convergence problem
referred pain
108
signals from the ____ are easily misinterpreted as coming from the tissues of the left arm
heart
109
T/F deeper structures are less thoroughly served by 1st order neurons and less likely to generate day to day sensation
true
110
T/F it is common for people to have hypersensitivity in perviously traumatized tissues
true
111
T/F referred pain can be customized by the brain based on individual history, adding another level of challenge in assessing pt symptoms
true
112
_______ _____: when neurons that normally carry afferent signals from a tissue location are activated, but not at the receptors
proximal depolarization
113
an example of proximal depolarization is ______
TOS (thoracic outlet syndrome)
114
another example of proximal depolarization is ______ _____ syndrome
carpal tunnel syndrome
115
T/F proximal depolarization also occurs in the spine
true
116
symptoms of proximal depolarization can occur in the spine due to _____ or ______
bone spurs, inflammation
117
______ ____: experience in a body part that is no longer present (does not only apply to limbs)
phantom phenomena
118
phantom phenomena can be initiated in 2 ways _______ ______ or ____ generated
proximal depolarization or brain generated
119
T/F phantom phenomena is always painful
false
120
with phantom phenomena, there is often a sense of _____ _____ for the part that the person feels aware of
energy fields
121
Adaptations such as ______ being in the sensory cortex zone for the missing part
telescoping
122
T/F people born without body parts do not experience phantom sensation
false, but they do not have the same developed sense of their existence
