Diabetes Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
______: a highly regulated process where nutrients are broken down, transformed and otherwise converted into cellular energy to sustain the processes of life and health
A
metabolism
2
Q
proteins are broken down into ______ ____
A
amino acids
3
Q
carbohydrates breakdown into _____
A
glucose
4
Q
oils and fats break down into ____ _____ - an alternative the body will use instead of glucose
A
fatty acids
5
Q
the cellular preference is _____
A
glucose
6
Q
__________ are a major form of fat storage; built from fats and carbs
A
triglycerides
7
Q
________; excessive amounts of triglycerides in the blood is linked to coronary artery disease
A
hypertriglyceridemia
8
Q
the liver converts fatty acids into _____
A
ketones
9
Q
T/F ketones are an emergency/ backup energy supply
A
true
10
Q
ketones break down ____ cells for energy
A
fat
11
Q
ketone buildup in the blood is called _______ and can be life-threatening
A
ketoacidosis
12
Q
the pancreas creates elements to help neutralize _____
A
chyme
13
Q
alpha cells release ______ in response to low blood glucose
A
glucagon
14
Q
beta cells release _____ in response to high blood glucose
A
insulin
15
Q
delta cells release ______- a regulator hormone
A
somatostatin
16
Q
_____ creates a “well-fed” state in the body; without it the body cannot get the energy it needs from the food it consumes
A
insulin
17
Q
when the body goes into the ______ NS the body produces more insulin
A
parasympathetic
18
Q
T/F glycogen storage happens in the liver
A
true
19
Q
______ creates a “find food” state in the body
A
glucagon
20
Q
glucagon is ______ in function
A
catabolic
21
Q
glucagon facilitates breakdown of amino acids and store fat (_________)
A
adipose
22
Q
_______ a disorder of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism resulting from an imbalance between insulin availability and insulin need
A
diabetes
23
Q
diabetes ______: a metabolic disease characterized by disordered insulin kinetics
A
mellitus
24
Q
hemoglobin ____ is the current standard for measuring the body’s management of blood glucose
A
A1C
25
T/F A1c reflects the average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months
true
26
the goal for people with diabetes is to keep their A1c under __% less than __% if possible
8%, 6.5%
27
_______ ______ diabetes is believed to be an autoimmune condition in which the beta cells of the pancreas is attacked
type one
28
type 1 diabetes makes up ___-___% of the diabetic population
5-10%
29
_____ _____ diabetes makes up 90-95% of the diabetic population
type 2
30
onset of type 2 diabetes is usually over ____ although childhood onset is on the rise
40
31
in some cases of type 2 diabetes, body cells develop decreased insulin sensitivity, and reduced responsiveness of insulin receptors aka _______ _____
insulin resistance
32
T/F circadian rhythm disruptions from sleep deprivation or shift work can accelerate development of type 2 diabetes
true
33
________ diabetes occurs in individuals who were not diabetic before becoming pregnant
gestational
34
onset of gestational diabetes is usually at around _____ weeks
24
35
T/F gestational diabetes affects an average of 4% of pregnancies with as much as 20% incidence risk
true
36
_____ syndrome, increases the risk of type 2 diabetes development
metabolic
37
people with metabolic syndrome have high ____ cholesterol and low _____ cholesterol
LDL, HDL
38
Type 1 or 2?
Onset of symptoms is rapid and acute, weight loss, intense hunger and thirst, blurred vision, irritability
type 1
39
type 1 or 2?
Slow onset, fatigue, hypertension, slow healing
type 2
40
skin changes such as _____ ______ (patches of dark skin in body folds) are common in type 2 diabetics
acanthosis nigricans
41
T/F in most cases type 2 diabetics are taking oral medications to stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin
true
42
T/F type 2 diabetics never use insulin
false
43
______ is injected into the subcutaneous fatty tissue
insulin
44
T/F injection sites must be rotated to prevent tissue hardening
true
45
T/F insulin is absorbed more or less quickly based on the injection site
true
46
good control for insulin-dependent diabetics is blood glucose consistently between ______ and _____ mmol
4-7
47
this method of insulin delivery contains a battery operated pump and a computer chip that controls the exact amount of insulin being administered
insulin pump
48
insulin pumps can deliver a constant rate of insulin known as the _____ rate 24 hours a day
basal
49
T/F avoid onsite massage and hydro for 24 hours after the patient has just injected insulin
true
50
T/F the positioning for diabetic patients is very limited if they use an insulin pump
false, any position is fine as long as the tubing is not kinked or compressed
51
CGM reads blood glucose on average every ___ minutes
5
52
CGM sensors must be replaced every ____ - ____ days
7-14
53
T/F CGM's are the closest we have gotten to pancreas-like technology
true
54
_________ aka insulin shock is a result of too much insulin in the blood relative to food intake
hyperinsulinemia
55
Mild S/S of hyperinsulinemia includes which of the following
a) anxiety
b) clammy sweating
c) seizures
d) a & b
d) a & b
56
severe S/S of hyperinsulinemia includes which of the following
a) palpitations
b) headaches
c) pronounced confusion
d) all of the above
c) pronounced confusion
57
________ _________ aka (DKA) is a result of insufficient insulin relative to food intake, causing hyperglycemia
diabetic ketoacidosis
58
mild S/S of diabetic ketoacidosis includes which of the following
a) hunger
b) dry mouth
c) frequent urination
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
59
severe S/S of diabetic ketoacidosis includes which of the following
a) dehydration
b) vomiting
c) coma
d) death
e) all of the above
e) all of the above
60
T/F always give sugar, never give insulin
true
61
diabetes can cause ______ or delayed healing
poor
62
T/F a long-term affect of diabetes is compromised circulation
true
63
two other long-term effects of diabetes include _____ immunity and ______ toxicity
impaired, increased
64
_________ is a result of combined effects of heart and blood vessel changes as well as liver and kidney stresses
hypertension
65
increasing incidences of ______ is a system complication of diabetes
atherosclerosis
66
_________; thickening from irritation/ damage to vessel walls
arteriosclerosis
67
_______ ______; recurrent internal scarring from high blood pressure and blood PH
onion skinning
68
diabetic microangiopathy is aka _______ vessel damage
small
69
________is a form of tissue degeneration in which the normal tissue components deteriorate and there is excess production of extracellular matrix
hyalinization
70
arteriolar hyalinization is much like the onion skin lesion in arteries, forming in layers in the ______ ______
tunica media
71
increased risk of _________ is a common system complication in diabetic folks
infarction
72
T/F poor healing (Delayed or incomplete) is a long term physical effect of diabetes
true
73
_____ processes may be trumping anabolic processes
catabolic
74
impaired _____ is a long term physical effect of diabetes
immunity
75
T/F bacteria/fungi like higher blood sugar & more acidic blood
true
76
increased ______ involves a poor breakdown of ingested nutrients creating high volumes of unusable metabolic by produced which tend to be irritating and promote acidity
toxicity
77
________ is a CV system complication associated with diabetes - this is a result of combined effects of heart and blood vessel changes and lung, liver and kidney stresses
hypertension
78
large vessel damage aka diabetic _________ involves an increased incidence of atherosclerosis
macroangiopathy
79
_____ ______ is the recurrent internal scarring from high blood pressure and blood PH
onion skinning
80
small vessel damage aka diabetic ________ involves hyalinization resulting in decreased lumen size and decreased contraction ability
microangiopathy
81
after _____-_____ years, all diabetics have some degree of CV impairment
10-15
82
______ is 100 times more likely to occur in diabetics
gangrene
83
gangrene is a result of combined poor ______ resilience and _____ conditions
tissue, toxic
84
in diabetics there is a high incidence of ______ artery atherosclerosis and recurrence of kidney infections/ stones
renal
85
in diabetics, there is an increased risk of impaired _____ health along with a high incidence of microbleeds and potential for impaired neurological controls
eye
86
T/F in diabetics, digestive structures can be uncomfortable and painful
true
87
in the CNS, _____ can occur in diabetic patients, as well as various impairments of body system controls and an increased tendency to develop _____
seizures, dementia
88
nerve damage in the ____ is very common as well as paraesthesias and sensory loss
PNS
89
when treating a patient with diabetes and diabetic foot, it is important to stay alert for _____ and adapt accordingly, take precautions related to ______ ulcer risk (positions, pressure releases adapt techs, don't leave tissue wet)
lesions, decubitius
90
T/F if there are red spots, ignore them and massage
false, no onsite massage if red spots are present
91
where in the pancreas is somatostatin produced?
the islets of langerhans
92
when blood glucose levels rise to an unhealthy level this is called _______
hyperglycemia
93
type one diabetes is not curable, onset is usually in ______ typically before age 30
childhood
94
T/F diabetic babies are often quite large
true
95
___________ tends to progress into type 2 diabetes
prediabetes
96
T/F most people are unaware they have pre diabetes
true
97
T/F screen at age 40 for prediabetes and every 3 years after that
true
98
metabolic syndrome is defined by which of the following symptoms
a) central obesity
b) blood pressure of 130/85 or higher
c) elevated fasting blood glucose
d) elevated blood triglycerides
e) high LDL's & low HDL's
f) all of the above
f) all of the above
99
_______ fat occurs as a symptom of metabolic syndrome
ectopic
