CNS Classes 4-6 Flashcards by A B

________ modulation; modifiers of afferent transmission as it travels from the tissues to the brain eg: local inhibition in the dorsal horn and

ascending

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______ modulation takes place in the CNS

descending

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endogenous opioids released by the brain are called ______ & ______ these are the bodies version of morphine or heroin

endorphins & enkephalins

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the ______ initiates a complex intercommunication process that results in the release of modulators from brainstem zones like the raphe nuclei

PAG (periaqueductal grey area)

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T/F the PAG “closes the gate” and inhibits the firing of second-order neurons themselves

true

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_______ & ________ can also produce effects in the spinal cord

endorphins and enkephalins

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T/F endorphins and enkephalins can be impaired by different traumas and pathologies

true

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which of the following can alter central modulation in ways that affect the sensory experience?

a) mood
b) mental health
c) traumatic history
d) all of the above

d) all of the above

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T/F anxiety does not increase one’s experience of pain

false

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T/F the predominance in the sympathetic nervous system activation enhances pain perception

true

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_____ ______ is rendered less effective especially if dysfunctional stress becomes entrenches and when anxiety is present

central modulation

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_______ _________; signals coming from sensory receptors along first-order neurons, these are normal and should not cause pain

Central sensitization

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in the ______ horn of the spinal cord signals of central sensitization are amplified and by the time they reach the brain what should have been a normal message is transformed into a message of pain

dorsal

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T/F central sensitization is often used to describe situations where a persons history of physical or emotional trauma creates hyper facilitation of pain along with reduced descending modulation

true

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central sensitization mechanisms can be completed by _____ _____ and ______

speed sequencing and synchronicity

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speed sequencing and synchronicity means the person is expressing mental or emotional distress as ______ symptoms

physical

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T/F central sensitization is linked to anxiety and depression

true

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anxiety, pain and distress cause depression by depleting ______, ______, endogenous opioids and norepinephrine volumes in the CNS

serotonin, dopamine

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T/F there are many ways that damage and disease can add to the brains interpretation difficulties

true

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some things that may cause brain interpretation difficulties include ______ loss, inflammation & _______

neuron loss, inflammation and edema

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ischemia, compression, and demyelination are additional factors causing _____ challenges

interpretation

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T/F a cluster of demyelinated axons will transmit slower than same function neurons that are intact

true

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when a cluster of demyelinated axons are transmitting, rather than receiving information smoothly, the ______ receives info in disordered batches producing a more confusing interpretation

thalamus

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______ pain, a common phenomenon where there is irritation/ damage in the sensory nervous system

neuropathic

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_______ is the absence of any sensation; stimulus does not produce any of the expected sensation

anaesthesia

________ is diminished sensation; the experience matches the nature of the stimulus but less strong than expected

hypaesthesia

________; heightened or exaggerated sensation

hyperaesthesia

_______; abnormal sensation e.g pins and needles, ants crawling on skin

paraesthesia

________; when a paresthetic sensation is painful, can be described as hot pokers, electric burning etc.

dysaesthesia

___________; instead of the expected sensation, an innocuous stimulus results in pain

dysdiadochokinesia

________; this can be caused by local nerve damage or irritation, problems in the CNS or central modulation

Allodynia

________; when the response to a stimulus is weak, and the sensation experienced is not as strong as predicted

hypalgesia

_________, heightened sensitivity to painful stimuli, unexpectedly strong pain intensity

hyperalgesia/hyperalgia

the ______ ______ is the "ceo" of the brain

motor cortex

T/F the motor cortex is involved in controlling voluntary movements

true

the motor cortex is in charge of carrying out _____ directed movements

goal

the primary higher motor centre for dexterity and fine motor control is the ____ ____

motor cortex

________ _______; some degree of reduced tone in the motor system, creating a lower resting tone and weaker/ slower recruitment of power

generalized hypotonia

this makes up 10% of the brain's total volume but accounts for over 50% of its neurons

the cerebellum

responsibilities of the cerebellum include...

monitoring incoming sensory info, overall coordination

T/F the cerebellum is in charge of the body's motor adjustment to the horizon and gravity

true

_________/________; generalized discoordination

dyssynergia/asynergia

______ ______; tremors during purposeful activity, initiating and intensifying as the activity progresses

intention tremor

________; failure to pinpoint, inability to bring a body part back to accurate efficient path to a target

dysmetria

________; eyes shimmy back and forth

nystagmus

__________; impaired ability to perform rapidly alternating movements

dysdiadochokinesia

_______ of ________; person breaks down the motor activities by doing them one at a time and requiring effort and focus

decomposition of movement

______ _______; the decomposition of speech

scanning speech

______ of motor ______; difficulty recalling/ repeating previously learned activity

impairments of motor memory

________; hallucination of movement, either of the persons body, external factors, or both

vertigo

disorders of ______ and _______; impaired ability to maintain center of gravity in static positions and while moving

balance and equilibrium

_______/_______; when a person walks with lurching or staggering gait, typically wide a wider stance than "normal"

dystaxia/ ataxia

T/F dystaxia is milder than ataxia

true

_____ ______ dysfunctions normally include; resting tremors, hypokinesia, akinesia and bradykinesia

basal ganglia

disorders of _____ control include tremors, and improper stabilization

postural

_______; impaired reciprocal inhibition failure of the agonist-antagonist relationship (simultaneous concentric contraction occurrence)

rigidity

______ _____ rigidity; consistent movement resistance

lead pipe

__________ rigidity; stop/start movement resistance

cogwheel

_______ rigidity; often referred to as the parkinsonian mask

facial

_______; often described as a shuffling gait, may include postural tremor (in people with Parkinson's usually)

festination

_____: sudden sharp contractions, typically of the facial muscles. Can happen singularity or in succession

tic

_____; writhing like a snake, usually occurring bilaterally at the wrists

athetosis

______; dance like sequence of movements travelling along the affected body parts in the same pattern

chorea

______, large scale explosive sudden movement of a body part

ballism

_______; body part migrates into extreme position and "freezes" there for a period of time

dystonia

_____; body part enacts a circular or cyclical swaying movement usually repeated in a loop

dyskinesia

T/F during treatment, the more relaxed a person lessens the likelihood of recruiting early protective mechanisms in response

true

T/F when treating a patient with rigidity, it makes more sense to focus on relaxation last

false, begin the treatment with relaxation techniques

T/F if the patient has dysphagia they can be in any position on the table

false, lying flat in supine may promote choking - opt for semi fowlers

T/F rigid muscles are prone to ischemia

true

improving _________helps reduce tone in muscles generally, even more so in hypertonic muscles

circulation

T/F heat or heat based contrast are the best hydrotherapy modes when treating a patient with rigidity

true

T/F joint mobilization techniques can increase joint related circulation

true

_________; the result of fascial elements passively conforming to holding patterns

contracture

contractures can decrease ______ and _____ reflex responses, increasing tone in rigid muscles

mobility, stretch reflex

T/F muscle energy techniques are useful when working on a patient with rigidity

true

the most effective reflex technique when working on a patient with rigidity will be _____ release

GTO

which of the following would be the LEAST effective technique to use on a patient with rigidity? a) GTO b) reciprocal inhibition c) mm stripping d) warm hydrotherapy

b) reciprocal inhibition

T/F when working with patients with rigidity, minimizing contracture and maximizing joint health are key

true

T/F it is best to treat when the patients rigidity influencing medication is in full force

true

_____ ______; receiving inputs from multiple areas within each hemisphere integrating incoming sensory information and form connections between sensory and motor areas

association areas

association areas work together on the same function such as ______ or ______ safety, creation / ______, and moving from place to place

fight or flight safety, creation/ invention

________ association areas stimulate the HMCs to act

cortical

_______/ transverse fibers (Axons) connect the corresponding regions across the two cerebral hemispheres eg. corpus callosum

commissural

______ fibers; connect the cortex and lower parts of the brain and spinal cord

projection

there are two major descending systems of projection fibers; ______ and _______

pyramidal and extrapyramidal

the pyramidal system is the pathway for ______ movement

voluntary

the extrapyramidal system is the pathway for ______ control

involuntary

most fibres of the pyramidal system originate in the ____ ____

motor cortex

most fibres in the pyramidal system cross to the contralateral side at the ______

medulla

pathways for coordination of movement, postural control, and muscle tone are found in the _____ system

extrapyramidal

the _____ system is responsible for skilled movement

pyramidal

the ____ system's main purpose is to dampen erratic movements, maintain muscle tone, and truncal support/ stability

extrapyramidal

the pyramidal system divides into two tracts ______ and ______

corticospinal and corticobulbar

the extrapyramidal system divides into 4 tracts ______, ______, ______ and _______

rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal

the _______ tract synapses directly in the anterior/ ventral horn of the spinal cord with interneurons and the lower motor neurons innervating the muscles in the limbs and trunk

corticospinal

the _____ tract synapses directly with the cranial neurons to control muscular movements of the face head and neck

corticobulbar

T/F a lesion on the pyramidal pathway will cause loss of distal motor function in the opposite side of the body

true

the __________ tract originates from the red nucleus and terminates at synapsing with interneurons in the spinal cord

rubrospinal

the ________ tract is responsible for modulation of flexor muscle tone and reflex activity/ inhibition of antigravity muscles

rubrospinal

the _______ tract originates from the superior colliculus of the midbrain and is responsible for mediating reflex responses to visual stimuli

tectospinal

involuntary adjustments of head position in response to visual information comes from the ________ tract

tectospinal

the ________ tract connects from the vestibular nuclei (within the brainstem) and are essential for a number of reflex actions performed by the body

vestibulospinal

T/F the vestibulospinal tract decussates

false

the __________ tract originates in the reticular formation and does NOT decussate, subdivided into medial and lateral tracts

reticulospinal

T/F the three HMCs (motor cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia) work together and depend on each other

true

T/F the brain regions that have direct control over the spinal cord, include, the brainstem and cerebral cortex

true

T/F brainstem pathways that project to the spinal cord exclude the extrapyramidal, reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, rubrospinal and tectospinal cords

false

the cerebral cortex gives rise to both pyramidal ______ &______ fibers

corticospinal, corticobulbar

the _____ _____ participate in the control of movement by receiving significant inputs from the cerebral cortex

basal ganglia

the ______ receives inputs from most parts of the CNS that contribute to motor function

cerebellum