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MMI 133 > CNS Infections > Flashcards

CNS Infections Flashcards

1
Q

CSF is normally ______ with very few ____ and low levels of __________ & __________.

A

sterile; WBCs; antibodies & complement.

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2
Q

What are the primary routes of infection of the CNS (3)?

A

Bloodstream/lymphatics.
Nerves.
Bones.

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3
Q

What are the 3 bacterial species causing most post-infancy meningitis cases?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Haemophilus influenzae type B.
Neisseria meningitidis.

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4
Q

What is the most common/important virulence factor for bacterial species causing meningitis?

A

Capsule.

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5
Q

Elevated CSF protein levels & decreased CSF glucose levels are signs of:

A

pyogenic (acute) meningitis.

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6
Q

A “positive” Gram stain or CSF culture indicates:

A

pyogenic (acute) meningitis (bacteria present).

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7
Q

Finding neutrophils in CSF would indicate:

A

pyogenic (acute) meningitis.

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8
Q

Finding lymphocytes or monocytes in CSF would indicate:

A

chronic meningitis.

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9
Q

A “negative” Gram stain result or CSF culture would indicate:

A

chronic meningitis.

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10
Q

What are 3 common infectious agents causing chronic meningitis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Listeria monocytogenes.
Viral agents.

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11
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis has a very high _________ rate and the highest ____________ rate.

A

mortality; complication.

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12
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis is often characterized by _____ onset.

A

acute.

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13
Q

What is the Gram morphology of H. influenzae?

A

G- bacilli.

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14
Q

H. influenzae meningitis is often characterized by _________ onset.

A

insidious (days).

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15
Q

What are some virulence factors of H. influenzae?

A

Capsule, IgA protease, pili, endotoxin & OMPs.

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16
Q

Neonatal meningitis is most commonly caused by (2);

A
  1. Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B).

2. E. coli.

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17
Q

What are some general symptoms of neonatal meningitis?

A

Fever, poor feeding, vomiting, respiratory distress, diarrhea.

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18
Q

What are 4 complications of neonatal meningitis?

A

Cerebral/cranial nerve palsy.
Epilepsy.
Mental retardation.
Hydrocephalus.

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19
Q

Viral meningitis is also known as:

A

acute aseptic meningitis (syndrome).

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20
Q

Viral meningitis is characterized by:

A

lymphocytic pleocytosis.

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21
Q

Viral meningitis is commonly caused by:

A

enteroviruses or Herpes viruses.

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22
Q

Botulism is caused by:

A

Clostridium botulinum.

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23
Q

Describe the Gram morphology & characteristic of C. botulinum.

A

Anaerobic, spore-forming G+ bacillus.

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24
Q

C. botulinum is normally found in:

A

soil & water sediments.

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25
Q

Botulinum toxin can be inactivated by:

A

boiling for 5 minutes.

26
Q

Botulinum toxin primarily causes:

A

peripheral nerve paralysis.

27
Q

How does botulinum toxin work?

A

It binds to neurons & prevents release of acetylcholine across the synaptic cleft.

28
Q

What are 5 clinical symptoms of botulism?

A 
Progressive flaccid paralysis (1-10 days).
Nausea.
Double vision.
Difficulty swallowing.
General weakness.
29
Q

Infant botulism is often associated with:

A

infants under 1 year old consuming honey.

30
Q

Why are infants particularly susceptible to botulism?

A

They lack stomach acidity and protective gut flora so spores can germinate easily.

31
Q

What are 2 clinical symptoms of infant botulism?

A

Lethargy & constipation.

32
Q

Infant botulism is treated with an:

A

antitoxin.

33
Q

What kind of virus is polio?

A

Non-enveloped RNA enterovirus.

34
Q

Where does polio virus multiply in the body?

A

The throat & small intestine.

35
Q

Where does polio virus go to get into the blood & lymph?

A

Peyer’s patches in the intestine.

36
Q

Describe abortive poliomyelitis.

A

Most common form of polio disease that resembles a minor, flu-like illness.

37
Q

Describe non-paralytic poliomyelitis.

A

Minor flu-like symptoms + stiff neck/back (due to aseptic meningitis).

38
Q

Paralytic poliomyelitis causes:

A

flaccid paralysis.

39
Q

What are the 3 first symptoms of paralytic poliomyelitis?

A

Severe myalgia (pain) in one limb.
Motor/sensory disturbances.
Weakness.

40
Q

Describe the 2 types of paralytic poliomyelitis.

A
  1. Bulbar: involves 1+ cranial nerve centres, including a respiratory sensory in the medulla oblongata (iron lung).
  2. Spinal: affects lower limbs.
41
Q

How is polio virus transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral.

42
Q

The Salk polio vaccine is an:

A

IPV: inactivated polio vaccine.

43
Q

The Sabin polio vaccine is a:

A

live, attenuated oral vaccine.

44
Q

Describe the virus that causes rabies.

A

Enveloped RNA rhabdovirus.

45
Q

Rabies virus usually multiplies in ______ cells before travelling to the CNS via the ______.

A

muscle; nerves.

46
Q

What is the average incubation period for rabies?

A

30-50 days.

47
Q

What are 6 of the first symptoms of rabies?

A 
Fever.
Sore throat.
Headache.
Discomfort at sight of infection.
Muscle spams.
Convulsions.
48
Q

Why is rabies also known as hydrophobia?

A

Swallowing muscles often spasm and can be triggered by the sight of water.

49
Q

Describe the West Nile Virus.

A

Family: flaviviridae.

Small, enveloped RNA virus.

50
Q

How is WNV transmitted?

A

Via mosquitoes with birds as reservoirs.

51
Q

Humans and horses are considered __________ _____ for WNV.

A

incidental/accidental hosts.

52
Q

Can WNV be transmitted from human to human?

A

No.

53
Q

Complicated WNV disease usually affects:

A

the elderly, patients with preexisting chronic conditions & the immunocompromised.

54
Q

Polio-like paralysis syndrome has recently emerged in ___ infections.

A

WNV.

55
Q

Prions result in accumulation of _______ fibres in the nervous system and cause large holes in _____ tissue.

A

amyloid; brain.

56
Q

What are some common examples of prion diseases?

A

Mad Cow Disease (BSE).
Scarpie (sheep).
Kuru (New Guinea: from cannibalism).
CJD/vCJD.

57
Q

DEET containing repellents is used for what disease?

A

WNV disease

58
Q

Is there a vaccine and antiviral for WNV disease?

A

no

59
Q

Prions affect the ____ and _____.

A

brain; spinal cord

60
Q

Scrapie is common in ___ and ____.

A

sheep and goats

61
Q

vCJD affects what population the most?

A

younger patients

62
Q

vCJD has a ____ duration of illness

A

longer

MMI 133 (26 decks)

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