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MMI 133 > Innate Immune System > Flashcards

Innate Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 3 things that the body’s immune system defends against

A

Pathogens, cancers, and organ transplants

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2
Q

What are the 4 functions of the immune system?

A
  • Keep microorganisms out
  • Combat/remove microorganisms inside
  • Fight cancer
  • Distinguish self and non-self
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3
Q

What are the 3 components of the first line of defense?

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membrane & secretions
  • Normal flora
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4
Q

The skin provides a ____ barrier

A

physical

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5
Q

The goblet cells secrete ____ which protects the underlying cells by trapping ____

A

mucus, microbes

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6
Q

The system of mechanical removal of flushing mucus is called:

A

Ciliary escalator

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7
Q

Describe the ciliary escalator

A

Ciliated cells in the respiratory tract move microbes from tract to mouth/nose to be coughed/sneezed

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8
Q

____ cells produce mucus

A

Goblet

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9
Q

The function of flushing of mucus/other secretions is:

A

To prevent pathogen binding to host cells

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10
Q

Tears and saliva contain:

A

Lysozyme

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11
Q

Where does crevicular fluid flow?

A

Gingival crevice between teeth

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12
Q

Gastric juice has a pH of -

A

1-2

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13
Q

Urine/vaginal secretions help with ____ action

A

flushing

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14
Q

Why is normal flora helpful for fighting against pathogens?

A

They provide compeitition for space and nutrients

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15
Q

What flora can be found in the mouth?

A

Alpha streptococci lactobacillus spp.

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16
Q

What flora can be found in the skin?

A

Staphylococcus epidermis candida albicans

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17
Q

What 2 flora can be found in the lower GI?

A

Bacteroides spp. escheria coli, and lactobacillus spp.

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18
Q

What are the 4 components of the second line of defense?

A
  • Innate immune cells
  • Inflammation
  • Complement system,
  • Antimicrobial substances
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19
Q

What are the 6 types of WBC that directly destruction of pathogens?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Mast cells
  • Basophils
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
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20
Q

What type of WBC destroys the infected host cell?

A

Natural killer cells (NK)

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21
Q

How do neutrophils destroy pathogens?

A

Phagocytosis

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22
Q

What are the DNA traps that neutrophils form when they die?

A

NETs

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23
Q

Neutrophils are ____ moving and have a ___ life span

A

fast, short

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24
Q

Eosinophils defend against ____ infection

A

parasitic

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25
Mast cells have a receptor for:
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
26
Once mast cells are activated, they release:
Histamine
27
Which type of WBC has an important role in allergic reactions?
Mast cell
28
Basophils are similar to mast cells because:
They release histamine from granules
29
Monocytes in the blood turn into ____ once in contact with bacteria or other pathogens
macrophages
30
Macrophages act as ____ presenting cells
antigen
31
Macrophages phagocytize:
Pathogens and dead neutrophils
32
NK cells are lymphocytes without:
Immunological memory
33
NK cells defend against _____ pathogens
intracellular (ie. viral, cancer, etc.)
34
NK cells ___ and ____ cells that are not self
detect, kill
35
Infected cells have a foreign ____ in MHC I whereas healthy cells have a self ____ in MHC I
peptide, protein
36
Leukocyte granules contain ____ and ____ to break down pathogens and stimulate other immune cells
chemicals, enzymes
37
What are the 2 type of leukocyte granules?
Lytic & secretory
38
Lytic granules contain ____ enzymes to break down pathogens
digestive
39
Secretory granules kill pathogens that are:
Too big to eat (ie. parasite)
40
What are cytokines?
Small proteins that change or communicate with other cells
41
What are the 2 types of cytokines?
Chemokines and interleukins
42
What is the function of chemokines?
Attract other immune cells to infection site
43
What is the function of interleukins?
Alter functions of other immune cells
44
What is inflammation?
A localized tissue response to infection/injury
45
What does the acronym SHARP?
``` Swelling Heat Altered function Redness Pain ```
46
Sore throats are swollen ____ ____
lymph nodes
47
What is pus?
A mixture of dead cells, neutrophils and body fluid
48
What is abscess?
An accumlation pus
49
What is the complement (C) system?
A group of serum porteins produced by liver in circulation to defend against pathogens
50
What are the 3 pathways in the C system?
Classical, alternative, lectin
51
What triggers the classical pathway?
Antibody-antigen (immune) complex
52
What triggers the alternative pathway?
Lipid-carbohydrates (LPS)
53
What is C3b responsible for?
Opsonization
54
What is opsonization?
Coating the bacteria to enhance phagocytosis
55
What are C3a & C5a?
Anaphylatoxins
56
Anaphylatoxins mediate ____
inflammation (histamine release)
57
C5a is a ____ which recruits phagocytes
chemoattractant
58
What do C5b-C9 form?
Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
59
What is MAC?
A pore structure that allows water to move & osmotically kill the cell
60
What triggers the lectin pathway?
Mannose
61
What are the 3 other antimicrobial substances discussed in class?
Interferons (IFNs), antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) & acute phase proteins (CRP)
62
What produces IFNs?
Virally activated cells
63
IFNs defend against:
Viruses
64
AMP production is triggered by:
Activation of TLR
65
AMPs are ____ spectrum
broad
66
An example of an acute phase protein is:
C-reactive protein (CRP)
67
Where is CRP produced?
In the liver during infections
68
What does CRP do?
Marks bacteria for opsonization
69
What is an example of a pattern recognition receptors (PRR)?
Toll Like Receptors (TLR)
70
What does TLR do?
Recognize different molecules from pathogens
71
Triggering TLRs lead to:
Chemokine release, proinflammatory cytokine release, and increased microbiocidal activity

MMI 133 (26 decks)

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