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MMI 133 > The Adaptive Immune System > Flashcards

The Adaptive Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

The adaptive immune system provides __________ defense.

A

specific.

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2
Q

What is specificity based on?

A

Antigen recognition.

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3
Q

Most immunogenic antigens are _________.

A

proteins.

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4
Q

When first encountering an antigen, how long will the adaptive immune system take to develop?

A

5-7 days.

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of cells mediating the adaptive immune system?

A

B-lymphocytes & T-lymphocytes.

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6
Q

B-lymphocytes provide _______ immunity while T-lymphocytes provide ____-________ immunity.

A

humoral; cell-mediated.

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7
Q

B-lymphocytes produce _________.

A

cytokines.

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8
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Chemical signals that can change the behaviour of other cells.

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9
Q

Cytokines can cause B cell _____________ & _____-_________.

A

proliferation; class-switching.

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10
Q

What happens when a B cell undergoes class-switching?

A

Changing the Ig produced without changing the antigen specificity.

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11
Q

Are B cells antigen presenting cells (APCs)?

A

Yes.

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12
Q

Where are B cells produced?

A

Bone marrow.

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13
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow.

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14
Q

Is B cell production/maturation antigen dependent or independent?

A

Antigen independent.

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15
Q

Where are B cells activated and differentiated? Is this process antigen dependent or independent?

A

Peripheral lymphoid organs (ex: lymph glands).

Antigen dependent.

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16
Q

What is the difference between thymus-dependent (TS) and thymus-independent (TI) antigens?

A

TD = proteins, TI = other molecules.
TD requires helper T-cells.
TI: no memory cells amde.

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17
Q

What is the Fab region on an antibody?

A

The variable antigen binding site.

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18
Q

What is the Fc region on an antibody?

A

Constant region that is recognized by other immune cells that have an Fc receptor (binding site).

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19
Q

What are the 5 functions of antibodies?

A
  1. Opsonization.
  2. Complement activation.
  3. Agglutination.
  4. Neutralization.
  5. Antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
20
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

A 
IgG.
IgM.
IgA.
IgE.
IgD.
21
Q

Which class of antibody is most common in the serum?

A

IgG.

22
Q

Which class of antibody is transferred from mother to fetus via the placents?

A

IgG.

23
Q

Which class of antibody is most efficient at activating the complement?

A

IgM.

24
Q

Which class of antibody is first synthesized by neonates?

A

IgM.

25
Q

Which class of antibody is the first to be synthesized in a primary response?

A

IgM.

26
Q

IgM is secreted by plasma cells as a _______.

A

pentamer.

27
Q

What are monomers of antibodies held together by?

A

J-chains (joining chain).

28
Q

Which class of antibody is predominant in external secretions?

A

IgA.

29
Q

Which class of antibody is secreted in the breast milk and transferred to babies in that way?

A

IgA.

30
Q

Which class of antibody is responsible for allergies?

A

IgE.

31
Q

Which class of antibodies is important for neutralizing parasites?

A

IgE.

32
Q

What is the main difference between serum and plasma?

A

Serum contains no active blood clotting proteins.

Plasma contains intact blood clotting proteins that have not been activated.

33
Q

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are also known as:

A

CD8+.

34
Q

Helper T lymphocytes are also known as:

A

CD4+.

35
Q

Where are T cells produced?

A

Bone marrow.

36
Q

Where do immature T cells go to develop?

A

thymus.

37
Q

What 2 factors is the development of immature T cells dependent on?

A

self MHC I molecules & the antigen.

38
Q

Where are T cells activated?

A

Peripheral lymphoid organs.

39
Q

What 2 molecules are secreted by activated T cells to destroy target cells?

A

Perforin & granzyme.

40
Q

In activated T cell clonal expansion, most cells will remain as ______ cells while a small percentage will become ______ cells.

A

killer; memory.

41
Q

In what situations will Th1 and Th2 be useful?

A

Th1: against intracellular pathogens.
Th2: against extracellular pathogens.

42
Q

In activated Th cell clonal expansion, most cells will remain in the system as ______ cells while a small percentage will become ______ ______ cells.

A

helper; memory helper.

43
Q

What is wrong with T cells in autoimmunity?

A

T cells are unable to differentiate self from non-self.

44
Q

What is wrong with T cells in partial immunodeficiency?

A

Loss of T cell function or numbers.

45
Q

What is the difference between apoptosis & necrosis?

A

Apoptosis is programmed cell death - relatively normal & does not trigger inflammation.
Necrosis is caused by cell injury or infections/toxins (extrinsic factors) – it is detrimental, abnormal & accompanied by an inflammatory response.

MMI 133 (26 decks)

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