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MMI 133 > Hypersensitivity & Vaccines > Flashcards

Hypersensitivity & Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Do all hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions require previous exposure to the antigen (allergen)?

A

Yes

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions?

A 
Type 1 (allergy)
Type 2 (cytotoxic)
Type 3 (immune complex-mediated)
Type 4 (delay cell-mediated)
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3
Q

Which antibody is associated with Type 1?

A

IgE

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4
Q

Which antibodies are associated with Type 2?

A

IgG, IgM

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5
Q

Which antibodies are associated with Type 3?

A

IgG, IgM

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6
Q

Which antibodies are associated with Type 4?

A

None

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7
Q

What type of antigen is associated with Type 1?

A

Exogenous

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8
Q

What type of antigen is associated with Type 2?

A

Cell bound

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9
Q

What type of antigen is associated with Type 3?

A

Soluble

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10
Q

What type of antigen is associated with Type 4?

A

Tissues and organs

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11
Q

Rank the types of hypersensitivity reactions from fastest to slowest response time

A

Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4

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12
Q

What are examples of Type 1?

A

Allergic athsma, hay fever

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13
Q

What are examples of Type 2?

A

Erythroblastosis foetalis (HDN)

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14
Q

What are examples of Type 3?

A

SLE, Farmer’s lung

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15
Q

What are examples of Type 4?

A

Tuberculin test, poison ivy, granuloma

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16
Q

Where does immune complex deposition typically occur for type 3?

A

Skin, joints & kidney

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17
Q

What are the two types of anaphylaxis and what is the difference between the two?

A 
Systemic anaphylaxis (immediate + life threatening)
Localized anaphylaxis (not serious, only discomfort)
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18
Q

What are the 3 steps of developing a hypersensitivity reaction?

A
  1. Sensitization
  2. Activation
  3. Effector
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19
Q

Sensitization is the ____ exposure to the antigen

A

first

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20
Q

Activation is the ____ exposure to the antigen

A

second

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21
Q

What are 4 symptoms of systemic anaphylaxis?

A
  • Impaired breathing due to swelling of airways
  • Smooth muscle contraction
  • Edema fluid leaks into tissue space
  • Blood vessels dialate, BP drops (leads to shock)
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22
Q

What are 2 ways to treat hypersensitivity?

A

Antihistamines and epi-pen

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23
Q

What do antihistamines do?

A

Block action of histamine

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24
Q

What does an epi-pen do?

A
  • Constricts blood vessels, lower BP
  • Dilates airways in lungs
  • Effects smooth muscle
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25
Q

What is a preventitive measure for Rh sensitization in pregnant women?

A

Rhogam is given before + after deliver to mother

26
Q

What are 5 types of vaccines?

A
  • Attenuated whole-agent
  • Inactivated whole-agent + subunit
  • Toxoids
  • Conjugated
  • Nucleic acid
27
Q

For attenuated whole-agent vaccines, the microbe is ____

A

attenuated

28
Q

Attenuated whole-agent vaccines can’t be used on:

A

Immunocompromised & pregnant women

29
Q

Which type of vaccine mimics a real infection?

A

Attenuated whole-agent

30
Q

How effective are attenuated whole-agent vaccines and how long does the immunity last?

A

Highly effective, often life-long immunity

31
Q

For inactivated whole-agent + subunit vaccines, the microbes ____ or ____ of the organism are used

A

killed, parts

32
Q

What 2 types of immunity are stimulated by attenuated whole-agent vaccines?

A

Humoral & cell-mediated immunity

33
Q

For inactivated whole-agent + subunit vaccines, how long does the immunity last?

A

Immunity doesn’t last as long + requires boosters

34
Q

Are inactivated whole-agent + subunit vaccines safe for immunocompromised people?

A

Yes

35
Q

Inactivated whole-agent + subunit vaccines result in what type of memory?

A

B cell

36
Q

How do you create toxoid vaccines?

A

Toxin is isolated & chemically treated to be non-functional

37
Q

For toxoid vaccines, the body produces antibodies to the ____ not the microbe

A

toxin

38
Q

For toxoid vaccines, how long does the immunity last?

A

Immunity doesn’t last as long + requires boosters

39
Q

Polysaccharides are ___ antigens whereas proteins are ___ antigens

A

poor, good

40
Q

An example of an attenuated whole-agent vaccine is:

A

Polio (Sabin), MMRV (mumps, measels, rubella, varicella)

41
Q

An example of an inactivated whole-agent + subunit vaccine is:

A

Polio (Salk), rabies, influenza, Hep B

42
Q

An example of a toxoid vaccine is:

A

Diptheria, tetanus

43
Q

What is a conjugated vaccine?

A

Polysaccharides combined with a protein that is highly immunogenic

44
Q

Why are conjugated vaccines used?

A

Children can’t respond to microbes with polysaccharide capsules (poor antigen)

45
Q

An example of a conjugated vaccine is:

A

Neisseria meningitidis, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae type b

46
Q

What are nucleic acid vaccines?

A

DNA vaccines

47
Q

How do nucleic acid vaccines work?

A

Introduce a gene of an organism into human host cells for it to persist + transcribe proteins

48
Q

What does the tuberculin skin test determine?

A

Previous exposure to tuberculosis antigens

49
Q

What cells does the tuberculin skin test detect?

A

Memory cells

50
Q

Can the tuberculin skin test be used on immunocompromised + anergic people?

A

No

51
Q

What are the steps of the tuberculin test?

A
  1. Inject PPD (purified protein derivative) into the skin of the forearm
  2. Check the area 48-72 hours later
52
Q

What are the signs of a positive result of the tuberculin test and what does this indicate?

A

Reddening & thickening, indicates previous exposure to TB

53
Q

What is the newer blood test for TB called?

A

QuantiFERON-TB Gold Test

54
Q

What does the QuantiFERON-TB Gold Test test for?

A

Memory cells & activated T lymphocytes by production of IFN

55
Q

What are the 4 types of adaptive immunity?

A
  • Narturally acquired active immunity
  • Narturally acquired passive immunity
  • Artificially acquired active immunity
  • Artificially acquired passive immunity
56
Q

How do you get narturally acquired active immunity?

A

Exposed to the antigen in daily life and develop immunity after

57
Q

How do you get narturally acquired passive immunity?

A

Natural transfer of antibodies (ie. mom to baby)

58
Q

How do you get artificially acquired active immunity?

A

Vaccinated with specially prepared antigens

59
Q

How do you get artificially acquired passive immunity?

A

Transfer of antibodies from an immunized individual to a non-immunized individual

60
Q

Explain the process of acute systemic anaphylaxis happened in the body.

A

Mast cells start to pump out histamine and leukotrienes. Histamine increases the permeability of the blood vessels (so they leak and the blood pressure drops) and leukotrienes affect smooth muscle, causing bronchospasm and swelling of the throat.

MMI 133 (26 decks)

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