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P/S MCAT > Cognition, consciousness, language > Flashcards

Cognition, consciousness, language Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition

A

How brain processes/reacts to info overload presented by the world

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2
Q

Dual-Coding Theory

A

verbal association & visual images used to process and store info

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3
Q

Information Processing Model

A

We get input from the environment, process it and output decisions

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4
Q

Simulation modification

A

Decisions made in one situation can be gathered and adjusted to help solve new problems

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5
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Development of one’s ability to think and solve problems across a lifespan

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6
Q

Schema

A

ways for us to organize and interpret new information

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7
Q

Assimilation

A

how we describe new info/experiences in terms of our current understanding/schemas

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8
Q

Accommodation

A

how we later adjust our schemas to incorporate new experiences

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9
Q

Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage

A

Birth to age 2; Child manipulates the
environment to meet physical needs through circular
reactions. Object permanence develops at the end of
this stage.

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10
Q

Object Permanence

A

object exists even when not seen

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11
Q

Primary circular reactions

A

repetition of body movements that originally occurred by chance

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12
Q

Secondary circular reactions

A

occurs when manipulation is focused on something outside the body

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13
Q

Representational thought

A

child begins to create mental representations of external objects and events

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14
Q

Piaget’s Preoperational Stage

A

ages 2 to 7; Pretend play, symbolic

thinking so they learn to talk, egocentrism & centration

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15
Q

Symbolic thinking

A

ability to pretend, play, make-believe, and have imagination

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16
Q

Egocentrism

A

inability to imagine what another person may think/feel

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17
Q

Centration

A

Tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon, or inability to understand the concept of conversation

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18
Q

Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage

A

ages 7 to 11; Understands the
feelings of others and understands conversation; Able to engage in logic as long as they are working with concrete objects of info

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19
Q

Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage

A

age 11 and up; ability to think logically about abstract ideas. Moral reasoning

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20
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

problem-solving skills

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21
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

use of learned skills and knowledge

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22
Q

Mental set

A

tendency to approach similar problems in the same way

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23
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

Inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner

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24
Q

Trial and Error

A

various solutions tried until one is found that works

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25
Q

Algorithms

A

Formula or procedure for solving a certain type of problem

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26
Q

Deductive (Top-down) Reasoning

A

Form conclusions from rules

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27
Q

Inductive (Bottom-up) Reasoning

A

Form conclusions from evidence

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28
Q

Heuristics

A

“Rules of thumb”

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29
Q

Availability Heuristics

A

When we make our decisions based on how easily

similar instances can be imagined

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30
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

The tendency to make decisions about actions / events based on our standard representations of the events.

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31
Q

Base rate fallacy

A

using prototypical factors while ignoring numerical info

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32
Q

Disconfirmation Principle

A

when a potential solution to a problem fails during testing, the solution should be discarded

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33
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

tendency to focus on information that fits an individual’s beliefs, while rejecting info that goes against them

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34
Q

Intuition

A

ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported by available evidence

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35
Q

Recognition-Primed decision model

A

brain sorts through a wide variety of info to match a pattern

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36
Q

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

A

7 areas of intelligence: Linguistic, logicalmathematical,

musical, visual-spatial, bodilykinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal

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37
Q

Spearman’s “g factor”

A

theory based on observation that performance on different cognitive tasks is usually positively correlated

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38
Q

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

A

method of obtaining a standardized underlying variable by taking a standardized test

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39
Q

Standford-Binet IQ Test

A

IQ = (mental age/chronological age) x 100

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40
Q

Conciousness

A

level of awareness of both the world and one’s own existence within the world

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41
Q

Alertness

A

State of being awake and thinking

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42
Q

Sleep: Beta Waves

A

high frequency and occur when the person is alert or attending to a mental task that requires concentration.

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43
Q

Sleep: Alpha Waves

A

awake but relaxing state with our eyes closed; Slower and more synchronized than beta waves

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44
Q

Sleep: Theta Waves

A

Irregular wave forms and higher voltages

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45
Q

Sleep: Delta Waves

A

Low frequency and high voltage waves

46
Q

First Stage of Sleep

A

Light sleep; Theta Waves

47
Q

Second Stage of Sleep

A

Slightly deeper. Theta waves, sleep spindles, K

complexes. lower heart rate, lower respiration, lower temperature

48
Q

Third/Fourth Stage of Sleep

A

Deep sleep; Delta waves; Slow wave sleep; Increased release of growth hormone. Hard to wake someone in this stage of sleep

49
Q

Non-rapid eye movement sleep

A

First four stages of sleep

50
Q

Rapid-eye movement sleep

A

The mind appears awake on EEG, but the
person is asleep. Eye movements and body paralysis.
Mostly BETA waves

51
Q

Paradoxial sleep

A
  • heart rate, breathing patterns, and EEG mimic wakefulness, but individual is asleep
  • Dreaming is most likely to occur in this stage and associated with memory consolidation
52
Q

Sleep cycle

A

90 min. Stages: 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM or 1-2-3-4-REM

53
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

Internally generated rhythms that regulate the daily cycle of waking and sleeping

54
Q

Melatonin

A
  • Contributes to sleepiness
  • secreted by pineal gland
  • Decrease in light stimulates its release
55
Q

Cortisol

A

Contributes to wakefulness

  • secreted by adrenal cortex
  • Increase in light stimulates its release
56
Q

Dreaming

A

occurs mostly during REM

57
Q

Activation-Synthesis theory

A

Dreams result from brain activation during REM

sleep –> Activation in brainstem, synthesis in cortex

58
Q

Problem-solving Dream theory

A

dreams are a way of solving problems; unbound by the normal world’s rules, dreams allow for a different perspective on obstacles

59
Q

Cognitive Process Dream theory

A

Dreams are simply the sleeping counterpart of our stream of consciousness while we are awake

60
Q

Neurocognitive Models of Dreaming

A

to unify biological and psychological perspective on dreaming

61
Q

Dyssomnias

A

make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep or avoid sleep

Examples: insomnia, narcolepsy, & sleep apnea

62
Q

Parasomnias

A

abnormal movement or behaviors during sleep

Examples: night terrors & sleep walking

63
Q

Insomnia

A

difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep

64
Q

Narcolepsy

A

lack of voluntary control over onset of sleep

65
Q

Cataplexy

A

loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion of REM sleep during waking hours

66
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

sensation of being awake and unable to move despite being awake

67
Q

Hypnagogic & hypnopompic hallucinations

A

hallucinations when going to sleep or waking up

68
Q

Sleep apnea

A

inability to breathe during sleep –> often people wake up in order to breathe

69
Q

Obstructive sleep apnea

A

physical blockage in the pharynx or trachea prevents airflow

70
Q

Central sleep apnea

A

brain fails to send signals to the diaphragm to breathe

71
Q

Night Terrors

A

periods of intense anxiety that occur during slow wave sleep (SWS)

72
Q

Sleepwalking or Somnambulism

A

occurs during SWS

73
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

can result from one night without sleep, or multiple nights with poor-quality sleep

74
Q

REM rebound

A

earlier onset and greater duration of REM sleep after one is permitted to sleep normally after a period of deprivation

75
Q

Hypnosis

A

state in which a person appears to be in control of their functions, but in slightly suggestible state

76
Q

Hypnotic induction

A

hypnotist seeks to relax the subject and increase subject’s level of consciousness

77
Q

Meditation

A

Quieting the mind for purpose. Used for relief of anxiety

78
Q

Depressants

A

Reduce nervous system activity –>sensation of relaxation and reduced anxiety (increases GABA activity)
-Examples: Alcohol, Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines

79
Q

Alcohol myopia

A

short-sighted view of the world

80
Q

Stimulants

A

Cause an increase in arousal of the nervous system by increasing frequency of action potentials
-Examples: Amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy

81
Q

opiates/opioids

A

Causes decreased reaction to pain and sense of euphoria

-Examples: Heroin, morphine, opium, oxycodone & hydrocodone

82
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Causes distortion of reality and fantasy, enhancement of sensory experiences and introspection
Examples: LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine

83
Q

Mesolimbic reward pathway

A

Normally involved in motivation and emotional response. Its activation accounts for the positive reinforcement of substance use
Other three pathways: Nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area and medial forebrain bundle

84
Q

Attention

A

Concentrating on one aspect of the sensory environment

85
Q

Selective attention

A

Allows one to pay attention to particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli in the background require attention.

86
Q

Divided attention

A

ability to perform multiple tasks at the same time

87
Q

Controlled processing

A

Requires attention/effort. Used for most new or difficult tasks

88
Q

Automatic processing

A

Muscle memory. Can be used for familiar/routine tasks

89
Q

Language: Phonology

A

actual sound of language

90
Q

Language: Phenomes

A

speech sounds

91
Q

Categorical Perception

A

ability to make distinction between whether or not speech sounds represent a change in meaning of language

92
Q

Language: Morphology

A

structure of words

93
Q

Language: Morphemes

A

building blocks of words

94
Q

Language: Semantics

A

association of meaning with a word

95
Q

Language: Syntax

A

how words are put together to form sentences

96
Q

Language: Pragmatics

A

dependence of language context and preexisting knowledge

97
Q

Nativist (Biological) Language Theory

A
  • Noam Chomsky

- Existence of innate capacity for language

98
Q

Transformation grammer

A

changes in word order that retain the same meaning

99
Q

Language acquisition device (LAD)

A

theoretical pathway in brain that allows infants to process and absorb language rules (used with innate ability)

100
Q

Language: Critical period

A

language acquisition is prime between two years and puberty

101
Q

Language: Sensitive period

A

time when environmental input has maximal effect on the development of an ability

102
Q

Learning (Behaviorist) Language Theory

A
  • B.F Skinner

- Language acquisition is controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents/caregivers

103
Q

Social Interactionist Language Theory

A

Language development is
caused by a motivation to communicate and interact
with others.

104
Q

Whorfian Hypothesis/Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

A

our perception of reality is determined by the content of language

105
Q

Broca’s area

A

Produces speech

106
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Language comprehension

107
Q

Arcuate fasciculus

A

connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas; allows connection between speech production and language comprehension

108
Q

Aphasia

A

deficit of language production or comprehension

109
Q

Broca’s (expressive) aphasia

A

difficult to generate speech

110
Q

Wernicke’s (receptive) aphasia

A

lack of comprehension of speech

111
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

cannot repeat words

P/S MCAT (12 decks)

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