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P/S MCAT > Social thinking > Flashcards

Social thinking Flashcards

1
Q

Interpersonal Attraction

A

phenomenon of individuals liking each other

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2
Q

Self-Disclosure

A

sharing one’s fears, thoughts, and goals with another person

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3
Q

Reciprocal Liking

A

people like others better when they believe the other person likes them

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4
Q

Proximity

A

being physically close to someone increases likelihood of friendships forming

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5
Q

Mere exposure or familiarity effect

A

people prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently

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6
Q

Aggression

A

Behavior that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance

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7
Q

Cognitive Neoassociation Model

A

states that one is more likely to respond to other aggressively whenever they are feeling negative emotions

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8
Q

Attachment

A

Emotional bond between a caregiver and a child, and its development begins during infancy

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9
Q

Secure Attachment

A
  • child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore, knowing that they have a secure base to return to
  • Child trusts that the caregiver will be there for comfort
  • Child will be upset when caregiver departs, and will be comforted by the return of the caregiver
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10
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A
  • caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child
  • Children will show no preference between a stranger and a caregiver
  • Show little or no distress when the caregiver leaves, & little or no relief when the caregiver returns
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11
Q

Ambivalent Attachment/Anxious Ambivalent Attachment

A
  • Caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress
  • Child is unable to form a secure base since they cannot consistently rely on the caregiver’s response
  • Child is very distressed when separated from caregiver, but shows a mixed response when the caregiver returns
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12
Q

Disorganized Attachment

A
  • Show no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence
  • Show a mixture of different behaviors
  • Often associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by the caregiver
  • Red flag for abuse
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13
Q

Emotional Support

A

listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings

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14
Q

Esteem Support

A

similar to emotional support, but focuses more on affirming the qualities and skills of a person

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15
Q

Material or Tangible Support

A

type of financial or material contribution to another person

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16
Q

Informational Support

A

providing information that will help someone

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17
Q

Network Support

A

type of social support that gives a person a sense of belonging

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18
Q

Foraging

A

Behavior of seeking out and eating food

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19
Q

Mating System

A

organization of a group’s sexual behavior

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20
Q

Monogamy

A

exclusive mating relationship

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21
Q

Polygamy

A

male having exclusive relationships with multiple females (polygyny)

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22
Q

Promiscuity

A

members of one sex mating with any member of the opposite sex, without exclusivity

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23
Q

Mate Choice or Intersexual Selection

A

selection of a mate based on attraction

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24
Q

Mate Bias

A

how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate

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25
Q

Mate Bias direct benefits

A

providing material advantage, protection or emotional support

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26
Q

Mate Bias indirect benefits

A

promoting better survival in the offspring

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27
Q

Mate Choice: Phenotypic Benefits

A

Observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive

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28
Q

Mate Choice: Sensory Bias

A

development of a trait to match preexisting preference that exists in population

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29
Q

Mate Choice: Fisherian or Runaway Selection

A

positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect, or even a negative effect, on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time

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30
Q

Mate Choice: Indicator Traits

A

traits that signify overall good health and well-being of an organism, thus increasing the trait’s attractiveness to mates

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31
Q

Mate Choice: Genetic Compatibility

A

creation of mate pairs that have complementary genetics when combined

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32
Q

Altruism

A

Form of helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to themselves

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33
Q

Empathy

A

ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another

34
Q

Empathy-Altruism hypothesis

A

individual helps another person when they feel empathy for the other person, regardless of the personal cost

35
Q

Game Theory

A

Attempt at explaining decision-making behavior. Was originally used in economics and mathematics to predict the interaction based on game characteristics like strategy, winning and losing, rewards and punishments, and profits and costs

36
Q

Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS)

A

When adopted by a given population in a specific environment, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising

37
Q

Altruism

A

donor provides a benefit to the recipient at a cost to themselves

38
Q

Cooperation

A

both the donor and recipient benefit by cooperating

39
Q

Spite

A

both the donor and recipient are negatively impacted

40
Q

Selfishness

A

donor benefits while the recipient is negatively impacted

41
Q

Inclusive Fitness

A
  • Measure of an organism’s success in the population

- Based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of offspring to then support others

42
Q

Impression Bias

A

A model of social perception that focuses on our selection of cues to form interpretations of others

43
Q

primacy effect

A

idea that first impressions are often more important than subsequent impressions

44
Q

Recency Effect

A

opposite of the primacy effect. Most recent information about an individual is the most important in forming one’s impressions

45
Q

Reliance on Central Traits

A

Individuals tend to organize the perception of others based on the traits and personal characteristics of the target that are most relevant to the perceiver

46
Q

Implicit Personality Theory

A

states that there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and their behaviors are related

47
Q

Stereotyping

A

making assumptions about people based on the category in which they are placed

48
Q

Halo Effect

A

Cognitive bias in which judgments about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one’s overall impression of the individual

49
Q

Just-World Hypothesis

A

Good things happen to good people, and bad things happen to bad people

50
Q

Self-Enhancement

A

type of motivational process that focuses on the need to maintain self-worth

51
Q

Attribution Theory

A

Focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer on the causes of other people’s behaviors

52
Q

Dispositional (internal) Causes for Attribution

A

attributions that relate to the person whose behavior is being considered. Includes their beliefs, attitudes and personality characteristics

53
Q

Situational (External) Causes for Attribution

A

attributions that relate to features of the surrounding

54
Q

Consistency Cues

A

consistent behavior of a person over time

55
Q

Consensus Cues

A

extent to which a person’s behavior differs from others

56
Q

Distinctiveness Cues

A

extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios

57
Q

Correspondent Inference Theory

A

focuses on the intentionality of others’ behavior

58
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Posits that we are generally biased towards making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions, especially in negative contexts

59
Q

Attribute Substitution

A

When individuals must make judgements that are complex, but instead a simpler solution is substituted or a heuristic is applied

60
Q

Cultural Attribution

A

Type of culture an individual is a part of plays a role in the type of attributions that the individual makes

61
Q

Stereotype Content Model

A

Attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in-group using two dimensions: warmth and competence

62
Q

Warm Groups

A

Groups that are not in direct competition with the in-group for resources

63
Q

Competent groups

A

those that have high status within society

64
Q

Paternalistic Stereotype

A

Low status, not competitive

65
Q

Admiration Stereotype

A

High status, not competitive

66
Q

Contemptuous Stereotype

A

Low status, competitive

67
Q

Envious Stereotype

A

High status, competitive

68
Q

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

A

expectations of a stereotype can create conditions that lead to the confirmation of those expectations

69
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

People being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype

70
Q

Prejudice

A

irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing, prior to an actual experience with the entity

71
Q

Propaganda

A

common way in which large organizations attempt to create prejudices in others

72
Q

Power

A

ability of people or groups to achieve their goals and their ability to control resources

73
Q

Prestige

A

level of respect shown to a person by others

74
Q

Class

A

socioeconomic status

75
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Practice of making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture

76
Q

In-group

A

social group in which a person feels a sense of belonging or identifies as a member

77
Q

Out-Group

A

social group with which the individual does not identify

78
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

Perception of another culture as different from one’s own, but with a recognition that the cultural values, mores, and rules of a culture fit into that culture itself

79
Q

Discrimination

A

-Occurs when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others

80
Q

Individual Discrimination

A

one person discriminating against a particular person or group

81
Q

Institutional Discrimination

A

discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution

P/S MCAT (12 decks)

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