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P/S MCAT > Learning and memory > Flashcards

Learning and memory Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

way we acquire new behaviors

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2
Q

stimulus

A

anything to which an organism can respond

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3
Q

Habituation

A

repeated exposure to same stimulus may cause a decrease in response

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4
Q

Dishabituation

A

recovery of response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred

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5
Q

Associative learning

A
  • Creation of a pairing or association between two stimuli or between a behavior and a response
  • Classical and operant conditioning
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6
Q

Classical conditioning

A
  • Ivan Pavlov
  • Uses biological responses to create associations between two unrelated stimuli
  • Can cause innate or reflexive response
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7
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

event causes a reflexive response

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8
Q

Neutral stimuli

A

event that does not cause a reflexive response

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9
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

normally neutral stimulus that now, through association, causes a reflexive response

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10
Q

Conditioned response

A

reflexive response caused by a conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

Acquisition

A

Process of taking advantage of a reflexive, unconditioned stimulus to turn a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus

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12
Q

Extinction

A

may occur when a conditioned stimulus is presented without the
unconditioned stimulus enough times

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13
Q

Generalization

A

Effect where a similar stimulus to the conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response

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14
Q

Discrimination

A

organisms learns to distinguish between two similar stimuli.

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15
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

links voluntary behaviors with consequences. Attempts to alter the frequency of
those behaviors

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16
Q

Behaviorism theory

A
  • B.F Skinner

- all behaviors are conditioned

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17
Q

Reinforcement

A

Process of increasing the likelihood that an individual will perform a behavior

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18
Q

Positive reinforcers

A
  • increase a behavior by adding a positive consequence/ incentive after the behavior is shown
  • Example: Money
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19
Q

Negative reinforcers

A

-increase the frequency of a behavior by removing
something unpleasant
-Example: taking medicine when sick to feel better

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20
Q

Escape Learning

A

-Type of negative reinforcer
-role of behavior is to reduce the unpleasantness of something
that already exists

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21
Q

Avoidance Learning

A
  • Type of negative reinforcer

- meant to prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen

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22
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

something that the organism would respond to naturally

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23
Q

Conditioned or secondary reinforcer

A

stimulus that would not normally cause a reinforcement

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24
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

indicates that the reward is potentially available

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25
Q

Punishment

A

Uses conditioning to reduce the occurrence of a behavior

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26
Q

Positive punishment

A

adds an unpleasant consequence in response to a behavior

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27
Q

Negative punishment

A

reduction of a behavior when a stimulus is removed

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28
Q

Reinforcement schedules

A

Rate at which desired behaviors are acquired is affected by the schedule being used to
affect the behaviors

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29
Q

Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedules

A

reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior

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30
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

FR schedule where behavior is rewarded every time it is performed

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31
Q

Variable-ratio (VR) Schedules

A

-reinforce a behavior after a varying number of
performances of that behavior
-average number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant

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32
Q

Fixed-interval (FI) Schedules

A

reinforce the first instance of a behavior after a specified time period has elapsed

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33
Q

Variable Interval (VI) Schedules

A

reinforce a behavior for the first time that the behavior is performed after a varying time interval

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34
Q

Shaping

A

Process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors

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35
Q

Latent Learning

A

learning that occurs without reward; However, learned behavior happens spontaneously when reward is introduced

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36
Q

Problem solving

A

trial and error approach in which behaviors are tested until reward is yielded

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37
Q

Preparedness

A

predisposition of learning certain behaviors more easily since its related to animal’s natural tendencies

38
Q

Instinctive Drift

A

difficulty overcoming instinctual behaviors

39
Q

Observational learning

A

learning new behavior or gaining info by watching others

40
Q

Mirror neurons

A
  • located in frontal and parietal lobes of cerebral cortex.

- Fire when action is preformed or when action is observed being performed

41
Q

Modeling

A
  • form of observational learning that determines an individual’s behavior throughout lifetime
  • learn acceptable behaviors by watching others perform them
42
Q

Encoding

A

putting new information into memory

43
Q

Automatic processing

A

information gained without effort

44
Q

Controlled (effortful) processing

A

active memorization that requires work to gain information

45
Q

Visual encoding

A

visualize it

46
Q

Acoustic encoding

A

store the way it sounds

47
Q

Sematic encoding

A

put into meaningful context

48
Q

Self-reference effect

A

information best recalled when put into context of one’s life

49
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

repetition of a piece of information to keep in working memory or to store in short-term and eventually long-term

50
Q

Method of loci

A

associating each item in a list with a location along the route of an already memorized building route

51
Q

Peg Word System

A

associates numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers

52
Q

Chunking (Clustering)

A

takes individual elements of a large list and groups them together into elements with the related meanings

53
Q

Storage

A

Information from encoding must be stored if it needs to be remembered

54
Q

Sensory Memory

A
  • Consists of ionic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memory
  • Lasts only a very short amount of time, but eyes take in a very detailed representation of surrounds
  • forgotten unless it as attended to
55
Q

Short-Term Memory

A
  • Sensory information that is payed attention to
  • Fades quickly
  • limited by capacity of approximately seven items
56
Q

Working Memory

A
  • Enables us to keep a few pieces of information in our consciousness and simultaneously manipulate that information
  • Integrates short-term memory, attention and executive function
57
Q

Long-Term Memory

A
  • Information moves from short-term to long-term memory with rehearsal
  • limitless warehouse for knowledge that we are then able to recall on demand
58
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

association of the information to knowledge that is already stored in long-term memory

59
Q

Implicit (non-declarative or procedural) memory

A
  • type of long term memory

- skills and conditioned responses

60
Q

Explicit (declarative) memory

A
  • type of long term memory

- those memories that require conscious recall

61
Q

Semantic Memory

A

facts that we know

62
Q

Episodic Memory

A

experiences

63
Q

Retrieval

A

Process of demonstrating that something that has been learned has been retained

64
Q

Recognition

A

identifying a piece of information that was previously learned

65
Q

recall

A

retrieval and statement of previously learned info

66
Q

Relearning

A

Ability to rememorize information much more quickly than the first iteration

67
Q

Spacing Effect

A

longer the amount between sessions of relearning, the greater the retention of information later on

68
Q

semantic network

A
  • Concepts are linked together based on similar meaning

- A way for the brain to organize information so that it can take advantage of environmental cues

69
Q

Spreading Activation

A

when one node of a semantic network is activated, the other linked concepts around it are also unconsciously activated

70
Q

Priming

A

spreading activation is the heart of this retrieval cue

71
Q

Context Effects

A

memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place

72
Q

State-Dependent Memory (effect)

A

person’s mental state also affects recall

73
Q

Serial position effect

A

retrieval cue that appears while learning lists

74
Q

Primacy Effect

A

tendency to remember early items

75
Q

Recency Effect

A

tendency to remember later items

76
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to a loss of acetylcholine in neurons that are linked to the hippocampus

77
Q

Sundowning

A

increase in dysfunction in the late afternoon and evening

78
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain

79
Q

Confabulation

A

process of creating vivid but fabricated memories

80
Q

Agnosia

A

loss of the ability to recognize objects, people or sounds (usually only one)

81
Q

Decay

A

Memories are simply lost naturally over time

82
Q

Curve of Forgetting

A

a day or two after learning a list, the recall falls sharply but then levels off

83
Q

Interference (interference effect)

A

Retrieval error that is caused by the existence of other, usually similar, information

84
Q

Proactive Interference

A

old information is interfering with new learning

85
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

new information causes forgetting of old information

86
Q

Prospective Memory

A

remembering to perform a task at some point in the future

87
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

of events or information can be heavily influenced by outside sources

88
Q

Source-Monitoring error

A

confusion between semantic and episodic memory

89
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

neural connection form rapidly in response to stimuli

90
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

Weak neural connections tend to degrade as one gets older, while the stronger connections are bolstered.

91
Q

Long-Term potentiation

A

strengthening of memories through more efficient release of neurotransmitters from neurons.

P/S MCAT (12 decks)

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