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P/S MCAT > Social Structure and Demographics > Flashcards

Social Structure and Demographics Flashcards

1
Q

Social Structure

A

system of people within a society organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships

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2
Q

Functionalism or Functional Analysis

A

Study of the structure and function of each part of society

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3
Q

Function

A

beneficial consequence of people’s actions

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4
Q

Dysfunctions

A

harmful consequences that undermine a social system’s equilibrium

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5
Q

Manifest Function

A

action that is intended to help some part of the system

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6
Q

Latent Functions

A

unintended positive consequences on other parts of society that come from a manifest function

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7
Q

Conflict Theory

A

focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order

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8
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols

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9
Q

Social Constructionism

A

Focuses on how individuals put together their social reality

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10
Q

Rational Choice Theory

A

focuses on decision-making in an individual and attempts to reduce this process to a careful consideration of benefits and harms to the individual

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11
Q

Exchange Theory

A

extension of above theory. This theory focuses only on interactions within groups

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12
Q

Feminist Theory

A

Attempts to explain social inequalities that exist on the basis of gender

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13
Q

Gender Roles

A

behaviors expected of a given gender

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14
Q

Glass Ceiling

A

women have more difficulty attaining top-level administrative positions within a company

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15
Q

Social Institutions

A

Well established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture

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16
Q

Patterns of kinship

A

tend to change over time and area

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17
Q

Teacher expectancy

A

idea that teachers tend to get what they expect from students

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18
Q

Religiosity

A

how religious one considers themselves to be

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19
Q

Secularization

A

shift away from religion as society moves towards rationality and scientific thinking

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20
Q

Fundamentalism

A

maintenance of strict adherence to religious code

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21
Q

Beneficence

A

physician has a responsibility to act in the patient’s best interests

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22
Q

Nonmaleficence

A

do no harm; physician has a responsibility to avoid treatment or interventions in which the potential for harm outweighs the potential for benefit

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23
Q

Respect for Patient Autonomy

A

physician has responsibility to respect patients’ decisions and choices about their own healthcare

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24
Q

Justice

A

physician has a responsibility to treat similar patients with similar care, and to distribute healthcare resources fairly

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25
Q

Culture

A

encompassing the entire lifestyle for a given group. Culture is what makes human societies unique from one another

26
Q

Ethnography

A

study of cultures

27
Q

Artifacts

A

material items that are made, possessed and valued

28
Q

Material culture

A
  • physical items that are associated with a given group

- tangible embodiment of the underlying ideas of symbolic culture

29
Q

Symbolic culture

A
  • Informs cultural values and belief
  • Informs cultural norms and communication styles
  • usually slower to change than material culture
30
Q

Culture Lag

A

created due to this difference in pace

31
Q

Values

A

what a person deems important in life

32
Q

Belief

A

something that an individual accepts to be truth

33
Q

Cultural Barriers

A

When cultural differences impede interaction with others

34
Q

Norms

A

societal rules that define boundaries of acceptable behavior

35
Q

Ritual

A

formalized ceremony that involves specific material objects, symbolism, and additional mandates on acceptable behaviors

36
Q

Demographics

A
  • statistics of populations and are the mathematical applications of sociology
  • common demographic categories: age, gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, immigration status
37
Q

Race

A

social construct based on phenotypic differences between groups of people

38
Q

Racialization

A

definition or establishment of a group as a particular race

39
Q

Racial formation theory

A

suggests that racial identity is fluid and dependent on concurrent political, economic, and social factors

40
Q

Ethnicity

A

social construct that sorts people by cultural factors

41
Q

Symbolic Ethnicity

A

specific connection to one’s ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important, even when ethnic identity does not play a significant role in everyday life

42
Q

Kinsey Scale

A

Describes sexuality on a scale of 0 (heterosexuality) to 6 (homosexuality)

43
Q

Intersectionality

A

the interplay between multiple demographic factors, especially when it leads to discrimination or oppression

44
Q

Population Pyramids

A

provide a histogram of the population size of various age cohorts

45
Q

Crude rate

A

total rate for a population

46
Q

Migration

A

Immigration is the influx of population into a new geographic space

47
Q

Emigration

A

movement away from a geographic space

48
Q

Demographic Shifts and Social Change

A

Changes in the makeup of a population over time

49
Q

Demographic Transition

A

specific example of demographic shift which refers to changes in birth and death rates in a country as it develops from a preindustrial to industrial economic system

50
Q

Demographic Transition: Stage 1

A

preindustrial society; birth and death rates are both high

51
Q

Demographic Transition: Stage 2

A

improvements in healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and wages causes death rates to drop

52
Q

Demographic Transition: Stage 3

A

Improvements in contraception, women’s rights, and shift from agriculture to an industrial economy causes birth rates (births per 1000 individuals per year) to drop

53
Q

Demographic Transition: Stage 4

A

Industrialized Society; birth and death rates are both low

54
Q

Malthusian Theory

A

focuses on how exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and thus lead to social degradation and disorder

55
Q

relative deprivation

A

decrease in resources, representation, or agency relative to the past or to the rest of society

56
Q

Proactive Social Movements

A

promote social change

57
Q

Reactive Social Movements

A

resist social change

58
Q

Globalization

A

Process of integrating the global economy with free trade and the tapping of foreign markets.

59
Q

Urbanization

A

Dense areas of population that create a pull for migration

60
Q

Ghettos

A

areas where specific racial, ethnic or religious minorities are concentrated

61
Q

Slums

A

more extreme case that is an extremely densely populated area with low-quality housing and poor sanitation

P/S MCAT (12 decks)

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