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P/S MCAT > Identity and personality > Flashcards

Identity and personality Flashcards

1
Q

Self-concept

A

own internal list of answers to the question “who am I?”

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2
Q

Self-Schema

A

self-given labels that carries a set of qualities with it

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3
Q

Identity

A

individual components of our self-concept related to the group to which we belong

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4
Q

Self-Esteem

A

The closer our actual self is to our ideal self and

our ought self (who others want us to be)

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5
Q

Gender Identity

A

person’s appraisal of themselves in terms of masculinity and femininity

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6
Q

Androgyny

A

state of being simultaneously masculine and feminine

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7
Q

Gender Schema

A

theory that suggests that the key components of gender identity are transmitted through cultural and societal means

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8
Q

Ethnic Identity

A

one’s ethnic group, where members typically share a common ancestry, cultural heritage and language

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9
Q

Nationality

A

identity based on political borders

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10
Q

Hierarchy of salience

A

we let situations dictate which identity holds the most importance for us at any given moment

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11
Q

Self-discrepancy theory

A
  • each person has three versions of themselves –> actual self, ideal self and ought self
  • closer these are together = higher self-etseem
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12
Q

Actual self

A

our self-concept or the way that we see ourselves as we currently are

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13
Q

Ideal self

A

the person that we would like to be

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14
Q

Ought self

A

our representation of the way others think we should be

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15
Q

Low Self-Esteem

A

when one is more critical of themselves

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16
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

One’s own belief in their ability to succeed

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17
Q

Overconfidence

A

when self-efficacy levels become too high and leads one to take on tasks that they are not ready for

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18
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

phenomenon of losing all motivation to get out of a negative situation

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19
Q

Locus of Control

A

way that one characterizes the influences in their lives

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20
Q

Internal Locus of Control

A

view themselves as controlling their own influence

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21
Q

External Locus of Control

A

Life events are caused by luck or outside influence

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22
Q

Freud: Fixation

A

occurs when a child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development

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23
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality development

A 
5 stages based on tensions caused
by the libido. Failure at
any stage leads to fixation
which causes personality
disorder.
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24
Q

Freud: Oral stage

A

+0-1 year
+Gratification is obtained by putting objects into the mouth, biting, and sucking
+Oral fixation would lead to excessive dependency

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25
Q

Freud: Anal Stage

A

+1-3 years
+Libido is centered on the anus and gratification is gained through the elimination and retention of waste materials
+Fixation results in orderliness (OCD) or sloppiness

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26
Q

Freud: Phallic or Oedipal Stage

A

+3-5 years

+Centers around oedipal conflict for males and Electra conflict for females

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27
Q

Freud: Oedipal conflict

A

male child envies the father’s intimate relationship with his mother

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28
Q

Freud: Penis envy

A

young girls experience anxiety and a sense of inferiority when they realize they do not have a penis

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29
Q

Freud: Latency Stage

A

occurs once the child’s libido is sublimated. This lasts until puberty is reached

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30
Q

Freud: Genital Stage

A

+Puberty - adulthood
+If prior development had proceeded correctly, the person should enter a healthy heterosexual relationship
+If development had proceeded incorrectly, then disorders such as homosexuality, asexuality, or fetishism resulted

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31
Q

Erikson’s psychology stages of personality development

A

+Stages stem from conflicts between needs and social demands

+Do not need to master one stage to move onto the next

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32
Q

Erikson: Trust vs Mistrust

A

+0-1 year
+If resolved successfully, child will trust their environment as well as themselves
+If mistrust wins, child will be suspicious of the world, possible throughout life

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33
Q

Erikson: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

A

+1-3 years
+Successful resolution would result in having a feeling of being able to exert control over the world and to exercise choice as well as self-restraint
+Unfavorable outcome would be to have a sense of doubt and a persistent external locus of control.

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34
Q

Erikson: Initiative vs Guilt

A

+3-6 years
+Favorable outcome is a sense of purpose, ability to initiate activities, and the ability to enjoy accomplishment
+Unfavorable outcome would be if the child was so overcome with fear of punishment, that they unduly restrict themselves or that they may overcompensate by showing off

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35
Q

Erikson: Industry vs Inferiority

A

+6-12 years
+Favorable outcome would be a competent feeling child who is able to exercise their abilities and intelligence in the world. The child would be able to affect the world in the way that they desire
+Unfavorable resolution is one in which there is: a sense of inadequacy, a sense of inability to act in a competent matter, and low self-esteem

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36
Q

Erikson: Identity vs Role Confusion

A

+12-20 years
+Favorable outcome would be fidelity: the ability to see oneself as a unique and integrated person with sustained loyalties
+Unfavorable outcome would result in a confused identity and a shifting personality

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37
Q

Erikson: Intimacy vs Isolation

A

+20-40 years
+Favorable outcomes are love, the ability to have intimate relationships with others, and the ability to commit oneself to another person and to their own goals
+Unfavorable outcome would be avoidance of commitment, alienation, and distancing of oneself from others and their own ideals

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38
Q

Erikson: Generativity vs Stagnation

A

+40-65 years
+Favorable outcome would result in an individual who is capable of being a productive, caring, and contributing member of society
+Unfavorable outcome would result from a crisis not being overcome. Would result in a sense of stagnation, and the person would become self-indulgent, bored and self-centered

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39
Q

Erikson: Integrity vs Despair

A

+ >65 years
+If resolved, one will see wisdom: the detached concern with life itself
+If unresolved, there will be bitterness, a feeling of living a worthless life, and fear for their own impending death.

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40
Q

Kohlberg: Moral Reasoning

A
  • Personality development focuses on moral thinking, rather than resolving conflicts or urges
  • 6 stages with 3 phases
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41
Q

Kohlberg: Preconventional morality

A
  • Phase 1

- typical preadolescent thinking that places an emphasis on the consequences of moral choices

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42
Q

Kohlberg: Obediance

A
  • Part of phase 1
  • Stage 1
  • Concerned with avoiding punishment
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43
Q

Kohlberg: Self interest/Instrumental relativist stage

A
  • Part of phase 1
  • Stage 2
  • About gaining rewards
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44
Q

Kohlberg: Conventional Morality

A
  • Phase 2
  • develop in early adolescence
  • individuals beginning to see themselves in terms of their relationships to others. -based on understanding and accepting social rules
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45
Q

Kohlberg: Conformity

A
  • Part of phase 2
  • Stage 3
  • Emphasis on seeking approval from others
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46
Q

Kohlberg: Law and order

A
  • Part of phase 2
  • Stage 4
  • Puts social order above all else
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47
Q

Kohlberg: Postconventional Morality

A
  • Phase 3
  • level of reasoning that not everyone is capable of attaining
  • Based on social mores (customs) that may sometimes conflict with laws
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48
Q

Kohlberg: Social Contract

A
  • Part of phase 3
  • Stage 5
  • Views moral rules as conventions that are designed to ensure the greater good
  • Moral rules focused on individual rights
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49
Q

Kohlberg: Universal Human Ethics

A
  • Part of phase 3
  • Stage 6
  • Decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles
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50
Q

Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development

A

skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed, but are in the process of developing
-requires help from a more knowledgeable other (usually an adult)

51
Q

Role-taking

A

children experimenting with other identities; like playing house

52
Q

Theory of mind

A

ability to sense how another’s mind works

53
Q

Looking-glass self

A

development of a personality in relation with societal contexts

54
Q

Reference group

A

who an individual is comparing themselves against

55
Q

Personality

A

set of thoughts, feelings, traits and behaviors that are characteristic of an individual

56
Q

Psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic theories of personality

A

assumes that unconscious internal states motivate the overt actions of an individual and thus determines their personality

57
Q

Freud: ID

A

basic, primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce

58
Q

Pleasure priniciple

A

get immediate gratification that can relieve pent-up tension

59
Q

Freud: Primary process

A

Id’s response to frustration

60
Q

Freud: Wish Fulfillment

A

mental imagery to fulfill the need for satisfaction

61
Q

Freud: Ego

A

used to reduce tension on a more permanent basis

62
Q

Freud: Reality Principle

A
  • how ego operates

- takes in account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of id

63
Q

Freud: Secondary Process

A

Ego’s guidance of id’s activity

64
Q

Freud: Superego

A

refined desires that are focused on the ideal self

65
Q

Freud: Superego –> Conscience

A

collection of improper action for which a child was punished

66
Q

Freud: Superego –> Ego-ideal

A

proper actions for which a child is rewarded

67
Q

Freud: Eros

A

life instincts that promote an individual’s quest for survival (thirst, hunger, sexual needs)

68
Q

Freud: Thanatos

A

death instincts that represent an unconscious with for death and destruction

69
Q

Freud: defense mechanisms

A

how the ego relieves the anxiety between clashing desires of the id and the superego

70
Q

Freud: Repression

A

ego’s way of forcing undesired thoughts and urges to the unconscious

71
Q

Freud: Suppression

A

more deliberate, conscious form of forgetting

72
Q

Freud: Regression

A

Reversion to an earlier developmental state

73
Q

Freud: Reaction formation

A

individuals suppress urges by unconsciously converting them into their exact opposites

74
Q

Freud: Projection

A

individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others

75
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

assumes that client projects their unconscious feelings onto the shape

76
Q

Thematic Apperception test

A

assumes a story made up by a person will show insight into their own unconscious thoughts and feelings

77
Q

Freud: Rationalization

A

justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to self and to society

78
Q

Freud: Displacement

A

transference of an undesired urge from one person or object to another

79
Q

Freud: Sublimation

A

transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors

80
Q

Carl Jung: Personal unconscious

A

all information that is present within an individual’s mind, but not readily available to conscious recall

81
Q

Carl Jung: Collective unconscious

A

Links all humans together

82
Q

Carl Jung: Archetypes

A
  • Images of common experiences across cultures

- Three: persona, anima (F)/ animus(M), and shadow

83
Q

Jung: Persona

A
  • Part of the personality one presents to the world

- Adaptive to social interactions

84
Q

Jung: Anima/ Animus

A
  • sex inappropriate qualities

- like feminine behaviors in a male or vice versa

85
Q

Jung: Shadow

A

Appearance of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings and actions in one’s own consciousness

86
Q

Jung: Self

A

intersection between the collective unconscious and the personal unconscious

87
Q

Jung: Extraversion (E) vs Introversion (I)

A
  • extraversion is an orientation towards the external world

- introversion is an orientation towards one’s inner, personal world

88
Q

Jung: Sensing (S) vs Intuiting (N)

A
  • sensing is obtaining objective information about the world
  • intuiting which is the working of information abstractly
89
Q

Jung: Thinking (T) vs Feeling (F)

A
  • thinking is using logic

- reason while feeling is using a value system or personal beliefs

90
Q

Myers-Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI)

A

Personality Test. All Jung’s dichotomies plus Judging (preferring orderliness) vs perceiving (preferring spontaneity)

91
Q

Alfred Adler: Inferiority Complex

A

individual’s sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority

92
Q

Alfred Adler: Creative Self

A

each individual shapes their uniqueness and establishes their personality

93
Q

Alfred Adler: Style of Life

A

manifestation of creative self and describes a person’s unique way of achieving superiority

94
Q

Alfred Adler: Fictional Finalism

A

individual is motivated more by their expectations of their future than by past experiences

95
Q

Karen Horney: Basic Anxiety

A

due to inadequate parenting which may cause vulnerability and helplessness

96
Q

Karen Horney: Basic Hositility

A

Neglect and rejection causes anger

97
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

describes ways in which healthy people strive toward self-realization

98
Q

Gestalt therapy

A

practitioners take a holistic view of the self

99
Q

Force field theory

A 
Field = one's current state of mind 
Forces = influences (can be ones that assist in attaining goals OR can be ones that block the path to attaining goals)
100
Q

Abraham Maslow

A
  • Studied people he felt lived rich and productive lives
  • Believed these people are self-actualizers
  • Self-actualized people tend to have peak experiences (deeply moving experiences in a person’s life)
101
Q

Psychotherapy

A
  • Created by a man named Rogers

- based on belief people have the freedom to control their own behavior

102
Q

Psychoanalysts

A

Believe people are slaves to their unconscious

103
Q

Behaviorists

A

Individuals are subjects of faulty learning

104
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

therapists accepts client completely and expresses empathy in order to promote a positive movement

105
Q

Type theorists

A

attempts to create a taxonomy of personality types

106
Q

Somatotypes

A
  • body types could propose personality types

- short/stocky people = jolly; tall people = high-strung

107
Q

Type A personality

A

competitive and compulsive

108
Q

Type B personality

A

laid-back and relaxed

109
Q

PEN Model

A
  • factor analysis used to group behaviors that typically occur together and assign labels to those groups
  • 3 traits: psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism
110
Q

Psychoticism

A

measure of nonconformity or social deviance

111
Q

Extraversion

A

measure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation

112
Q

Neuroticism

A

measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations

113
Q

Big Five

A

PEN model expanded to five traits: Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

114
Q

Gordon Allport: Cardinal traits

A

traits around which a person organizes his/her life

115
Q

Gordon Allport: Central traits

A

major characteristics of a person that are easy to infer

116
Q

Gordon Allport: Secondary traits

A
  • other personal characteristics that are limited in occurrence
  • occur only with close groups or specific social situations
117
Q

Gordon Allport: Functional autonomy

A

behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created it

118
Q

N-arch trait theory

A

need of achievement; have pride with accomplishments

119
Q

Behaviorists perspective

A

personality develops as a result of operant conditioning (reward and punishment based)

120
Q

Token economies

A

therapeutic. Good behavior rewarded with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges

121
Q

Social cognitive perspective

A

focuses on how the environment and our interactions with it influence our behavior

122
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

idea that our thoughts, feelings, behaviors and environment all interact with each other to determine our actions in a given situation

123
Q

Biological perspective

A

personality can be explained as a result of genetic expression in the brain

P/S MCAT (12 decks)

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