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P/S MCAT > Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Biomedical Approach

A

therapy includes interventions that rally around symptom reduction of psychological disorders

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2
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

method assumes that there are biological, psychological, and social components to an individual’s disorder

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3
Q

direct therapy

A

medication or periodic psychologist meetings

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4
Q

indirect therapy

A

aims to increase social support by educating and empowering family and friends of the affected individual

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5
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A
  • created to help clinicians in considered all of the above factors
  • Used as a diagnostic tool that has statistical data in the US
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6
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Prototypical psychotic disorder

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7
Q

Schizophrenia symptoms

A

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized behavior, catatonia (above movements from a mental disorder), and other negative symptoms

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8
Q

Diagnosis of Schizophrenia

A
  • must show continuous signs of the disturbance for at least six months
  • At least one month must include active symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech)
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9
Q

Schizophrenia Positive symptoms

A
  • behaviors, thoughts, or feelings added to normal behavior

- delusions/hallucinations, disorganized though, and disorganizes/catatonic behavior

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10
Q

Schizophrenia Negative symptoms

A
  • involve the absence of normal or desired behavior

- disturbance of affect and avolition (decrease in motivation)

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11
Q

Delusions

A

false beliefs that are not in-line with reality and are not shared by others in the individual’s culture

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12
Q

Delusion of Reference

A

the belief that common elements in the environment are directed towards the individual

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13
Q

Delusions of Persecution

A

belief that the person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against, or threatened

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14
Q

Delusions of Grandeur

A

belief that the person is remarkable in some significant way

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15
Q

Thought Broadcasting

A

belief that one’s thoughts are broadcasted directly from one’s head to the external world

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16
Q

Thought Insertion

A

belief that thoughts are being placed in one’s head

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17
Q

Hallucinations

A

perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but seem like reality

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18
Q

Disorganized thought

A

characterized by a loosening of associations

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19
Q

Neologisms

A

invented words by a schizophrenic person

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20
Q

Disorganized Behavior

A

inability to carry out activities of daily living such as paying bills. Maintaining hygiene, and keeping appointments

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21
Q

Catatonia

A

refers to certain motor behaviors characterizes of people with schizophrenia

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22
Q

Echolalia

A

repeating another’s word

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23
Q

Echopraxia

A

imitating others actions

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24
Q

Disturbance of Affect

A
  • affect refers to the experience and display of emotion

- May include blunting, emotional flattening, Inappropriate affect

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25
Q

Blunting

A

severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression

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26
Q

Flat Effect (emotional flattening)

A

no signs of emotional expression

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27
Q

Inappropriate affect

A

affect is clearly discordant with the content of the individual’s speech

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28
Q

Avolition

A

decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions

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29
Q

Prodromal Phase

A

Phase before schizophrenia that is characterized by poor adjustment

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30
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

mood disorder that is characterized by at least one major depressive episode

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31
Q

Major Depressive Episode

A

period of at least two weeks with at least five of the symptoms

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32
Q

Major Depressive Episode Symptoms

A

o Prominent and relatively persistent depressed mood
o Anhedonia
o Appetite disturbances
o Substantial weight changes
o Sleep disturbances
o Decreased energy
o Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
o Difficulty concentrating or thinking
o Psychomotor symptoms
o Thoughts of death or attempts at suicide

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33
Q

Psychomotor symptoms

A

feeling slowed down

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34
Q

Anhedonia

A

loss of interest in all or almost all formerly enjoyable activities

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35
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A

individuals who suffer from dysthymia

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36
Q

Dysthymia

A

depressed mood that isn’t severe enough to meet the criteria of a major depressive episode – for at least two years

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37
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

A
  • Major depressive that is characterized by seasonal onset
  • not a freestanding diagnosis
  • Depressive symptoms are only present in winter months
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38
Q

Bipolar

A

Major type of mood disorder that is characterized by both depression and mania

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39
Q

Manic episodes

A
  • abnormal and persistently elevated mood lasting at least one week
  • Have at least 3 of the symptoms
  • Episodes have a rapid onset and briefer duration than depressive episodes
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40
Q

Manic episode symptoms

A

▪ Increased distractibility
▪ Decreased need for sleep
▪ Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
▪ Racing thoughts
▪ Increased goal-directed activity or agitation
▪ Pressured speech or increased talkativeness
▪ Involvement in high-risk behavior

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41
Q

Bipolar I disorder

A

manic episodes with or without major depressive episodes

42
Q

Bipolar II disorder

A

hypomania with at least one major depressive disorder

43
Q

Hypomania

A

does not significantly impair functioning and does not have psychotic features. Individual may be more energetic and optimistic however

44
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

combination of hypomanic episodes and periods of dysthymia that are not severe enough to qualify as a major depressive episode

45
Q

Monoamine or catecholamine theory of depression

A
  • Too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse may lead to mania
  • Too little of the above would lead to depression
46
Q

Generalized Anxiety disorder

A

disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things

47
Q

Generalized Anxiety disorder symptoms

A

fatigue, muscle tension and sleep tension

48
Q

Phobia

A

irrational fear of something that results in a compelling desire to avoid it

49
Q

Specific Phobia

A

where anxiety is produced by a specific object or situation

50
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A
  • anxiety that is due to social situations

- Individuals have a persistent fear when exposed to social or performance situations that may result in embarrassment

51
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Anxiety disorder caused by fear of being in places or situation where it might be hard to escape

52
Q

Panic Disorder

A

-Anxiety disorder that consists of repeated panic attacks

53
Q

Panic Attack symptoms

A
  • Fear and apprehension, trembling, sweating, hyperventilation, and a sense of unreality
  • suddenly stuck by a sense of impending doom and may be convinced that they are about to lose their mind
54
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

obsessions, that produce tension, and compulsions (repetitive tasks) that relieve tension but cause significant impairments in a person’s life

55
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A

Person has an unrealistic negative evaluation of their personal appearance and attractiveness

56
Q

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A
  • occurs after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event

- consists of intrusion symptoms, avoidance symptoms, negative cognitive symptoms, and arousal symptoms

57
Q

Intrusion Symptoms

A

includes recurrent reliving of the event, flashbacks, nightmares, and prolonged distress

58
Q

Avoidance Symptoms

A

deliberate attempts to avoid the memories, people, places, activities, and objects associated with the trauma

59
Q

Negative Cognitive Symptoms

A

inability to recall key features of the event, negative mood or emotions, feeling distanced from others, and a persistent negative view of the world

60
Q

Arousal Symptoms

A

increased startle response, irritability, anxiety, self-destructive or reckless behavior, and sleep disturbances

61
Q

Acute Stress disorder

A

same symptoms last for less than one month, but more than three days

62
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

Person avoids stress by escaping from their identity

63
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A
  • inability to recall past experiences

- often linked to trauma

64
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A
  • sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from one’s home
  • confused about identity and can sometimes assume a new identity
65
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A
  • Two or more personalities that recurrently take control of a person’s behavior
  • Results when the components of identity fail to integrate
  • often involved with children who have been subject to sexual or physical abuse
66
Q

Depersonalization

A
  • Individuals feel detached from their own mind and body

- “out-of-body experience”

67
Q

Derealization

A
  • individual feels detached from their surroundings

- “dream-like world”

68
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

have at least one somatic (bodily) symptom that may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition

69
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A
  • being consumed with thoughts about having or developing a serious medical condition
  • individuals quick to become alarmed about their health
70
Q

Conversion disorder

A
  • Characterized by unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions
  • Symptoms typically begin after the individual experiences high levels of stress or a traumatic event
71
Q

Conversion disorder: La belle indifference

A

person is unconcerned by the symptom. Patients with this disorder may experience this indifference

72
Q

Personality Disorder

A
  • pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive

- Considered ego-syntonic

73
Q

Personality Disorder causes distress or impaired functioning of at least two of the following

A

▪ Cognition
▪ Emotions
▪ Interpersonal functioning
▪ Impulse control

74
Q

Ego-syntonic

A

individual perceives their behavior as correct, normal or in harmony with their goals

75
Q

Ego-dystonic

A

individual sees the illness as something that is thrust upon them and is intrusive/bothersome

76
Q

Cluster A disorders

A
  • Paranoid, Schizotypal, and Schizoid Personality Disorders

- disorders that all have behaviors which are labeled as odd or eccentric by others

77
Q

Paranoid personality disorder

A

pervasive distrust of others

78
Q

Schizotypal Personality disorder

A
  • pattern of odd or eccentric thinking

- Individuals have ideas of reference (like a less extreme delusion of reference) & magical thinking

79
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A
  • pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression
  • Individuals show little desire for social interaction
80
Q

Cluster B disorders

A
  • Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders
  • behavior that is labelled as dramatic, emotional or erratic by others
81
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

pattern of disregard for and violations of the rights of others

82
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A
  • pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, and self-image
  • Have intense and unstable interpersonal relationships
  • Profound identity disturbance: uncertainty about self-image, sexual identity, long-term goals, or values
  • Intense fear of abandonment
83
Q

Historic Personality Disorder

A
  • constant attention seeking behavior
  • Individuals wear colorful clothing, are dramatic, and are exceptionally extroverted
  • May also use seductive behavior to gain attention
84
Q

Narcissistic Personality disorder

A

person has a grandiose sense of self-importance and uniqueness, preoccupation with fantasies of success, a need for constant admiration and attention, and characteristic disturbances in interpersonal relation

85
Q

Cluster C disorders

A
  • avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders
  • behaviors that are labeled as anxious or fearful
86
Q

Avoidant

A
  • affected individual has extreme shyness and fear of rejection
  • Individual sees themselves as socially inept and is often socially isolated
  • Have an intense desire for social affection and acceptance
  • Tend to stay in the same jobs, life situations and relationships even if they want change
87
Q

Dependent

A
  • continuous need for reassurance

- Individuals tend to remain dependent on one specific person to take actions and make decisions

88
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)

A

individual is perfectionistic and inflexible, tends to like rules and order

89
Q

Neuroleptics

A

medication used to treat schizophrenia that act to block dopamine receptors

90
Q

Presenilin

A

gene on chromosome 1 and 14 contribute to having Alzheimer’s Disease

91
Q

Apolipoprotein E gene

A

mutations on chromosome 19 can alter the likelihood of acquiring Alzheimer’s Disease

92
Q

Beta-amyloid precursor protein

A

gene on chromosome 21 contributes to a higher risk of having Alzheimer’s Disease

93
Q

Parkinson’s Disease characterization

A
  • Bradykinesia
  • Resting tremor
  • Pill-rolling tremor
  • Masklike facies
  • Cogwheel Rigidity
  • Shuffling Gait
94
Q

Bradykinesia

A

slowness in movement

95
Q

Resting tremor

A

tremor that appears when muscles are not being used

96
Q

Pill-rolling tremor

A

flexing and extending the fingers while moving the thumb back and forth. As if something is rolling in the fingers

97
Q

Masklike facies

A

facial expression consisting of static and expressionless facial features

98
Q

Cogwheel Rigidity

A

muscle tension that intermittently halts movement as an examiner attempts to move a limb

99
Q

Shuffling Gait

A

stooped posture

100
Q

Substantia nigra

A

layer of cells in the brain that functions to produce dopamine

P/S MCAT (12 decks)

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