Combank Assessment #2 P1 Flashcards
(197 cards)
What is a confounding variable?
an extraneous variable that correlates positively or negatively with both the dependent and independent variables
What is Berkson bias?
A type of selection bias that is created by selecting hospitalized patients as a control group; this type of bias occurs when the control group does not represent the population being studied
What is the most common form of congenital hydroxylase deficiency?
21-hydroxylase deficiency
How does 21-hydroxylase deficiency affect the secretory products of the adrenal gland?
decreased glucocorticoids and minteralcorticoids; increased sex hormones
The reduction of minteralcorticoids caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency causes the activation of what system?
renin-angiotensin system is activated due to hypotension from salt wasting; thus, angiotensin II levels are elevated
Name the murmur: crescendo-decrescendo, systolic ejection murmur, heard best at left upper sternal border 2nd intercostal space; increases in intensity with inspiration
pulmonic stenosis
Name the murmur: high-pitched holosystolic murmur, blowing quality, best heard over apex, radiates to axilla
mitral valve regurgitation
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiopmyopathy results in what type of murmur?
a systolic ejection murmur that has a crescendo-decrescendo quality; best heard along left sternal border
how does the systolic ejection murmur caused by hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy change with preload and afterload?
murmur diminishes with increased preload (squatting or lay supine); murmur diminishes with increased afterload (hand grip)
How does preload affect the murmur caused by aortic stenosis?
murmur increases with increased preload (squatting); decreases with decreased preload (vaslsalva, handgrip)
What is a common cause of aortic stenosis in patients in the 6th decade of life?
congenital biscupid valve
right sided heart murmurs increase with?
inspiration
left sided heart murmurs increase with?
expiration
What is the MOA of sildenafil?
inhibit phosphodiesterase 5, causing increased cGMP, smooth muscle relaxation in the corpus cavernosum, increased blood flow and thus increased penile erection
Sildenafil also weakly inhibits PDE-6, what AE can this cause?
b/c it is required for the transformation of light into electrical signals inhibition of PDE-6 can cause cyanopsia or blue vision
What is the DOC for a UTI during pregnancy?
Amoxicillin
What class of anti-microbials does doxycycline belong in?
Tetracyclines
Why should fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines be avoided in pregnancy?
fluoroquinolones damage cartilage in growing fetus; tetracyclines damages growing bones
Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome is also known as?
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
What is Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome?
AD d/o; presents with recurrent, severe epitaxis, multiple telangiectasias, and AV malformations
What is Sturge Weber syndrome?
congenital d/o associated with port-wine stains, usually in V1 ophthalmic distribution and also ipsilateral arteriovenous malformations in the meninges
What characterizes neurofibromatosis type I d/o?
AD neurocutaneous d/o; presents with cafe-au-lait spots, lische nodules, neurofibromas, optic gliomas, and pheochromocytomas
What characterizes tuberous sclerosis?
AD d/o; may present with mental retardation and seizures in infancy, along with angiofibromas of the face, ash leaf lesions, hemartomatous lesions, and cardiac rhabdomyomas
In what way can squamous cell carcinoma cause hypercalcemia?
Squamous cell carcinomas of the lung can cause a paraneoplastic syndrome in which the tumor secretes PTH-related peptides; this increases calcium and decreases PTH secretion from the parathyroid glands via negative feedback