Combank 5 Flashcards
(95 cards)
T scores greater than -1 are considered?
Normal
T scores between -1 and -2.5 are considered?
Osteopenic
T scores less than -2.5 are considered?
Osteoporotic
What is the function of Calcium acetate and when is it used?
It is a phosphorus binder that causes the phosphorus consumed to be excreted in the stool; used to manage hyperphosphatemia in end stage renal failure
In what class of drugs is raloxifene and what does it do? What risk does it carry?
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs); decrease osteoclast function of estrogen; carries increased risk for DVT
What is Dupuytren’s contracture?
A painless thickening and contracture of tissue beneath the skin on the palm of the hand and fingers, one or both hands can be affected. Typically, a painless nodule develops in the connective tissue below the skin on the palm side of the hand. Over time, it thickens into a cord-like band and leads to an inability to extend or straighten the fingers
Classical Dupuytren’s contracture most commonly involve which digits?
Fourth and fifth
What are the seronegative spondyloarthropathies which present as joint pain in the absence of rheumatoid factor and ANA?
ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter’s syndrome and psoriatic arthritis
Name the condition - a complex immune mediated d/o that presents as inflammatory plaques on the skin characterized by silver scaling plaques
Psoriasis
What is adenomyosis and how do patients usually present?
presence of endometrium within the myometrium; usually present with unusually painful and hemorrhagic menses
What is premature ovarian failure?
when a woman shows signs of menopause before 40 years of age
What is placenta accreta?
an abnormal invasion of the chorionic villi into the myometrium of the uterus
The development of an early onset of breast and ovarian cancer is associated with the deletion of what gene?
tumor suppressor gene BRCA1
What type of inheritance pattern does BRCA1 have?
autosomal dominant
This is a tumor suppressor gene that is associated with the development of retinoblastomas and osteosarcomas
Retinoblastoma
Patients with a genetic mutation of p53 can develop what syndrome?
Li-Fraumeni syndrome; leads to the development of various malignancies at an early age, including breast cancer, sarcomas, brain tumors, and adrenocortical carcinomas
What is the p53 tumor suppressor gene located and what is its function?
located on chromosome 17; normal function of p53 is regulation of the cell cycle at the G1/S checkpoint; p53 delays cell cycle progression and permits opportunity for DNA repair or initiation of apoptosis
What is HER2?
An oncogene that has intracellular tyrosine kinase activity
Breast cancer with positive HER2 expression is treated with?
Trastuzumab
Treatment with which antibiotic is notorious for causing pseudomembranous colitis?
Clindamycin
Pseudomembranous colitis can treated with?
Either metronidazole or oral vancomycin
In order to treat Clostridium difficile should vancomycin be given orally or IV?
orally
How does GERD occur?
tone of the lower esophageal sphincter decreases and gastric material is allowed to reflux back into the esophagus
Why are beta-adrenergic agonists unlikely to contribute to GERD?
b/c they have been demonstrated to maintain the constriction of the lower esophageal sphincter
