Behaviour of Benign vs Malignant Tumours
Benign = Expansile, grows locally
Malignant - Expansile & invasive, may metastasise
Differentiation of Benign vs Malignant Tumours
Benign - Resembles cells of origin
Malignant - Failure of differentiation
Mitoses of Benign vs Malignant Tumours
Benign - Few
Malignant - Many, atypical
N:C Ratio
Benign - Normal/slightly increased
Malignant - High
Cellular Features of Benign vs Malignant Cells
Benign - Uniform
Malignant - Pleomorphic
Menorrhagia
Menstrual periods with abnormally heavy or prolonged bleeding
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstrual periods which are caused by uterine contractions
Dyspareunia
Persistent or recurrent genital pain that occurs just before, during or after sex
Menarche
First occurrence of menstruation
What does calcification on a mammogram indicate
Usually benign but certain patterns of calcifications — such as tight clusters with irregular shapes and fine appearance — may indicate breast cancer or precancerous changes to breast tissue
What might unexplained iron deficiency anaemia indicate in an elderly patient
Malignancy
Occult Blood in Faeces
Blood that is not visible in faecal matter but comes up during investigation
