Vertebral Level of Hyoid Bone
C3/4
Arterial supply of thyroid
The superior thyroid artery (STA) arising from the external carotid artery (ECA), and the inferior thyroid artery (ITA) branching from the thyrocervical trunk
Ends of the clavicle
Sternum/Manubrium
Acromion
Clavicular Ligaments
Sternoclavicular
Costoclavicular
Interclavicular
What muscles originate at the clavicle
Deltoid
Pectoralis Major
Sternocleidomastoid
What muscle inserts at the clavicle
Trapezius
Subclavius
What structures are at risk with a clavicular fracture
Brachial plexus
Subclavian aa/vv
Serratus anterior origin
1st-8th ribs
Serratus anterior Action
Protracts scapula and holds it against thoracic wall
Rotates scapula
Serratus Anterior Innervation
Long Thoracic Nerve
Subclavius Action
Anchors and depresses clavicle at sternoclavicular joint
**Dont learn too much
Latissimus Dorsi (superficial) Action
Extends, adducts and medially rotates humerus
Latissimus Dorsi (superficial) Innervation
Thoracodorsal Nerve
Levator scapulae (deep) action
Elevates scapula
Levator scapulae (deep) innervation
Dorsal scapular nerve (C3, C4)
Rhomboid Major and Minor (deep) action
Retract scapula
Fix scapula to thoracic wall
Rhomboid Major and Minor (deep) innervation
Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Rotator Cuff Muscles
SITS
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
Shoulder Muscles supplied by Axillary Nerve
Deltoid
Teres Minor
Shoulder Muscles supplied by SuprascapularNerve
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Shoulder Muscles supplied by Subscapular Nerve
Subscapularis
Teres Major
Quadrangular Space Contents
Posterior Circumflex Humeral Artery & Vein and Axillary Nerve
Triangular Space Contents
Scapular Circumflex Artery and Vein
Contents of Axilla
Axillary Artery Axillary Vein Brachial Plexus Axillary Lymph Nodes Axillary Sheath
Parts of Axillary Artery
Between lateral aspect of 1st rib and medial aspet of pec minor - Superior Thoracic Artery
Posterior of pec minor - Thoracocacromial & Lateral Thoracic Arteries
Between Lateral aspect of pec minor and Teres Major - Subscapular. Ant & Post Circumflex Humeral Arteries
What are the two main veins draining into the axillary vein
Basilic/Cephalic Veins
Where does most of the breast lymph drain into
Axillary Lymph Nodes
Important Fracture Sites of the Humerus
Surgical Neck
Midshaft
Supracondylar Region
Medial Epicondyle
What is most commonly affected by a fracture in the surgical neck of the humerus
Axillary Nerve & Circumflex Humeral Artery
What is most commonly affected by a fracture in the radial groove of the humerus
Radial Nerve & Profunda Brachii Artery
What is most commonly affected by a fracture in the shaft of the humerus
Median Nerve and Brachial Artery
What nerve runs superficial to the Medial Epicondyle
Ulnar Nerve
Muscles of Anterior Arm
BBC
Biceps Brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis
Innervation of Arm Flexors
Musculocutaneous Nerve
Function of Coracobrachialis
Adduction and flexion of the arm at the shoulder joint
Function of Brachialis
Strong flexion of forearm at the elbow joint
Main Veins of the Arm
2 Brachial Beins (Deep)
Basilic and Cephalic Veins (Superficial)
Why does the medial fragment of the clavicle displace superiorly in a clavicle fracture
Action of the SCM
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
SITS
Action of Supraspinatus
Initiation of Abduction (First 15 Degrees) (I Think)
What might be injured inferiorly to a clavicle fracture
Subclavian Vessels
Brachial Plexus
Lungs
Innervation of Teres Minor
Axillary
Origin of Axillary Artery
Subclavian Artery
Which muscle inserts in the Coracoid process
Pectoralis Minor
Which muscles originate at the coracoid process
Biceps Brachii Short Head
Coracobrachialis
Auscultation Site of Mitral Valve
ICS5 Left
Innervation of Mediastinal Pleura
Phrenic Nerve
Haemothorax
When blood collects between your chest wall and your lungs
Boundaries of Cubital Fossa
Superior: Midline between Epicondyles
Lateral: Medial End of Brachioradialis
Medial: Lateral End of Pronator Teres
Floor of Cubital Fossa
Laterally: Supinator
Medially: Brachialis
Roof of Cubital Fossa
Bicipital Aponeurosis
Skin
Fascia
Contents of Cubital Fossa
Biceps Brachii Tendon Brachial Artery (And its bifurcation)
Radial Nerve
Median Nerve
Cephalic Vein (Lateral) Basilic Vein (Medial) Median Cubital Vein (Joins the above 2 veins)
How to find Brachial Pulse
Medial to the Biceps Brachii Tendon
Superficial Muscle(s) of Anterior Forearm
FCR
Palmaris Longus
FCU
Palmaris Longus
Intermediate Muscle(s) of Anterior Forearm
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Deep Muscle(s) of Anterior Forearm
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Flexor Pollicis Longus
Pronator Quadratus
Which bone is the olecranon a part of
Ulna
Colles Fracture
Complete fracture of the radius bone of the forearm close to the wrist resulting in a displacement of the distal dorsal radius and obvious deformity
Smiths Fracture
Fracture of the distal end of the radius caused by a fall on the back of the hand (flexed), resulting in a volar displacement of the fractured fragment
Risk of Injury to Median Nerve
Action of FCR
Flexion and ABduction (Radial Deviation) of hand at wrist joint
Action of FCU
Flexion and ADduction (Ulnar Deviation) of hand at wrist joint
All Anterior Forearm Muscles
Pronator Teres
FCR
Palmaris Longus
FCU
FDS
FDP
FPL
Pronator Quadratus
Golfer’s Elbow vs Tennis Elbow
Golfer’s: Medial Epicondylitis
Tennis: Lateral Epicondylitis
Which muscle inserts at the distal phalanges anteriorly
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Which nerves innervate the FDP
Medial Half: Ulnar Nerve
Lateral Half: Median Nerve
How to find pronator quadratus on prosection
Spread the tendons at wrist and go down to bone - it is a muscle that looks like a square
What muscles of the anterior forearm are not innervated by the Median Nerve
FCU
Medial Half of the Flexor Digitorum Profundus
**ULNAR
Condyles of the Upper Limb
Trochlea (Ulna)
Capitulum (Radius)
Epicondyles vs Condyles
Condyles are smooth while epicondyles are rougher
Condyles articulate with ulnar and radius while epicondyles do not
Condyles of the Upper Limb
Trochlea (Ulna)
Capitulum (Radius)
Condyles of the Upper Limb
Trochlea (Ulna)
Capitulum (Radius)
Condyles of the Upper Limb
Trochlea (Ulna)
Capitulum (Radius)
Condyles of the Upper Limb
Trochlea (Ulna)
Capitulum (Radius)
Branches of Radial Artery
Muscular & Cutaneous Branch
Radial Recurrent Artery
Carpal Branches
Deep Palmar Arch
Branches of Ulnar Artery
Ant Post Ulnar Recurrent Arteries Muscular Interosseous Branches Carpal Branches Superficial Palmar Arch
Veins of Forearm
Deep:
2 Radial and 2 Ulnar Veins
Superficial:
Basilic
Cephalic
Action of Biceps Brachii
Flexion
Supination
Nerve innervating anterior compartment of arm
Musculocutaneous Nerve
Which deep forearm muscle is responsible for pronation
Pronator Quadratus
Which structure is most at risk during a distal humerus fracture (Supracondyle Fracture)
Brachial Artery
Muscles of Posterior Compartment of the Arm
Triceps Brachii
Anconeus
Which muscle innervates extensors/posterior muscles of the arm/forearm
Radial Nerve
Superficial Muscles of Posterior Forearm
Brachioradialis FCRL FCRB Extensor Digitorum Extensor Digiti Minimi ECU
Brachioradialis Action
FLEXION of Forearm
Origin: Just above Lateral Epicondyle
Insertion: Radial Styloid Process
ECRL
Extension and Abduction at wrist
Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
Posterior aspect of base of metacarpal bone 2
Deep Muscles of the Posterior Forearm
Supinator APL EPB - Extensor of Proximal Phalynx Thumb EPL - Extensor of Distal Phalynx Thumb Extensor Indices
**RADIAL NERVE POSTERIOR INTEROSSEUS
Wrist Drop
Occurs at damage to Radial Nerve (Since it innervates extensors)
Compartments of Extensor Retinaculum
EPB, APL
ECRL, ECRB
EPL
EI, ED
EDM
ECU
Carpal Bones
A guy goes out on Saturday, sees a hot girl from far away and tells his friends
“SHE LOOKS TOO PRETTY; TRY TO CATCH HER”
Proximal:: Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrium Pisiform
Distal:: Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
Risk of Scaphoid Fracture
Avascular Necrosis of the proximal bone
Palmar Aponeurosis
Central part of the deep fascia of the palm which is a highly specialized thickened structure with little mobility
Flexor Retinaculum
Forms the roof of the carpal tunnel - converts the carpal arch (made by the 8 carpal bones) into a carpal tunnel
Contents of the Carpal Tunnel
9 Tendons: 4 for the FDS, 4 for the FDP, 1 for the FPL
Median Nerve
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Compression of Median Nerve as a result of flexor retinaculum thickening
Flexor Synovial Sheaths
Allowing smooth movement of flexor muscles
Thenar Muscles
FPB
APB
Opponens Pollicis
**Muscles at base of thumb
Adductor Compartment of Hand
Adductor Pollicis Muscle
Innervation of Deep head of FPB
Ulnar Nerve
Hypothenar Muscles
FDMB
ADM
Opponens Digiti Minimi
- *Muscles located at base of little finger
- *Exactly same as Thenar
**Ulnar Nerve
Which intrinsic hand muscles are not innervated by the Ulnar Nerve
Lateral 2 Lumbricals
Action of Lumbricals
Flexion at Metacarpalphalangeal Joints and Extension at Interphalngeal Joints
Palmar Interossei
Adductors of the ingers
**Ulnar Nerve
Dorsal Interossei
ABduction
**Ulnar Nerve
Contents of Anatomical Snuff Box
Radial Artery
Superficial Branch of Radial Nerve