Tumour Behaviour and Spread Flashcards Preview

Medicine 2 Week 6 - 11 > Tumour Behaviour and Spread > Flashcards

Flashcards in Tumour Behaviour and Spread Deck (22)
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1
Q
A

Benign Tumour in Organ
Well circumscribed
They grow evenly in all directions, giving a spherical mass

2
Q
A

Benign TIssue in Epithelial Surface
Papillary outgrowths growing in the direction of least resistance.
Because of their papillary shape they are called papillomas

3
Q
A

Malignant Tumour

Irregular in outline, with indistinct edges.

4
Q

How to identify malignant tumours

A

Is there any clinical evidence of invasion or spread to distant sites?
Is there imaging evidence of invasion or spread to distant sites?

ANSWER TO BOTH OR EITHER MAY BE “YES”, BUT
OFTEN ONLY IN ADVANCED TUMOURS

5
Q

How to accurately and confidently identify malignant tissue

A

Biopsy and histological examination of a sample of tumour cells or tissue

6
Q

Benign vs Malignant Tumours

A
7
Q

Cellular Pleomorphism

A

Variation in size and shape of cells in tumour

8
Q

NUCLEAR PLEOMORPHISM

A

variation in size and shape of nuclei in tumour cells

9
Q

NUCLEAR HYPERCHROMATISM

A

very dark-staining nuclei

due to increased nuclear DNA

10
Q

HIGH MITOTIC COUNT

A

increased numbers of cells in mitosis, including abnormal mitotic forms

11
Q

Cytological characteristics of malignancy

A
Poor Differentiation
Pleomorphism & Abnormal Mitoses
High Mitotic Count
Nuclear Hyperchromatism
High nucleus to Cytoplasm Ratio
12
Q

Features of dysplastic cells that lead to their abnormal structure

A
Loss of differentiation
Pleomorphism
Nuclear hyperchromatism
High nucleus/cytoplasm ratio
High mitotic activity
13
Q

Does dysplasia in tumour cells always mean invasive behaviour?

A

Usually but not always

14
Q

Carcinoma-in-situ

A

Epithelium showing the cytological Characteristics of malignancy, but no evidence of invasion

**Non-invasive Dysplasia

15
Q

What happens to dysplastic cells

A

Sometimes dysplasia regress but more often turns into invasive malignancy

16
Q

What happens when a malignant tumour invades the lumen of a lymphatic vessel

A

Bits of it break off and pass to the lymph nodes draining the area

17
Q

How do the tumour cells proliferate to replace the whole lymph node

A

They reach the lymph node and are trapped in the subcapsular sinus where they proliferate to replace the whole node

18
Q

Blood Stream Spread of Cancer

A

When a tumour invades the wall of a small vessel, clumps of it break off and pass in the circulation until they meet a vessel too small to let it pass
- Causes tumour embolism

The tumour cells may grow to cause a distant metastasis

19
Q

Common Sites of Blood-Borne Metastasis

A
Brain/CSF
Lung
Liver
Adrenals
Bone
20
Q

Where do liver metastases often originate

A

GI Tract, Pancrease, Breast, Lung/Bronchus, Kidney

21
Q

Where do bone metastases often originate

A
Breast
Bronchus/Lung
Kidney
Thyroid
Prostate
22
Q

How can benign tumours cause death/illness

A

Bleeding - e.g. gut/bladder
Pressure on adjacent vital structures - e.g. Brain
Obstruction - e.g. Brain, bronchus
Hormone secretion - e.g. pituitary adenoma
Conversion to a malignant tumour

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