Component 1 - existing exam questions for topics so far Flashcards
1
Q
Define Newtons first law
A
A body remains at rest or constant velocity until acted upon by an external force
2
Q
Apply Newtons first law to a performer kicking a ball
A
the ball remains at rest until the force of the kick is applied to it
3
Q
Define Newtons second law
A
- A body’s rate of change of acceleration is
proportional to the size of the force applied - acts in the direction
in which the force acts - force = mass x acceleration
4
Q
Apply Newtons second law to a performer kicking a ball
A
- the bigger the force of the kick, the faster the ball will accelerate
- e.g. the ball will accelerate/ start to move in the direction of the force of the kick
- the rate of change of acceleration of the ball is proportional to the size of the
force from the kick/foot of the performer
5
Q
Define Newtons 3rd Law
A
For every force applied to a body there is an equal and opposite reaction force
6
Q
Apply Newtons 3rd Law to a performer kicking a ball
A
when the foot applies a force to the ball, the ball applies a force that is equal and opposite onto the foot
7
Q
Identify 4 factors affecting air resistance
A
- Velocity
- Shape
- Frontal cross - sectional area
- Surface characteristics
8
Q
Explain the effects of the vertical forces on the motion of the performer during the
execution phase of the vertical jump
A
- The reaction forces are greater than the weight force
-There is a resultant force acting upwards - Acceleration occurs upwards
- Performer jumps upwards
- If the net upwards force is large enough to overcome the mass of the performer
- The larger the net force upwards, the greater the acceleration upwards.
9
Q
Describe the use of limb kinematics to analyse movement in sport
A
- Reflective markers placed on bony landmarks of the performer
- Performance of the technique is recorded using multiple infra-red cameras
- Information is downloaded to computer
- Gives a record of the motion in digital format
- Used to assess movement efficiency
10
Q
Centre of mass definition
A
Centre of mass is the point at which a body is balanced in all directions
11
Q
What does position of centre of mass depend on
A
distribution of mass in the body
12
Q
how is centre of mass and weight related
A
it is the point where weight acts from
13
Q
When a sprinter is crouched at the start of the race, what happens to com
A
- it lowers to the ground
- it moves forwards
= manipulated by changing body shape
14
Q
Stability
A
the ability of a body to resist motion
15
Q
what affects stability
A
- mass
- height of centre of mass
- line of gravity
- base of support
16
Q
If a sprinter has an increased muscle mass, what will happen
A
- more stable
- more force is required to overcome athletes inertia
17
Q
how does height of com affect the sprinter
A
- at sprint start athlete is more stable as they are in a low crouch
- when they raise their hips, com raises, so they are less stable
- when they begin to run, com raises more, even less stable
18
Q
why does the athlete need to create instability
A
- to leave the blocks
19
Q
line of gravity
A
imaginary line that extends vertically downwards from com
20
Q
how does line of gravity affect a sprinter
A
- start crouch, it falls to the centre of bos, so more stable
- when athlete moves shoulders in front of hands, log moves towards edge of bos = less stable
21
Q
Hip - joint type
A
ball and socket
22
Q
ball and socket
A
3 planes of motion
23
Q
when in sprint start position, what joint movement are sprinters hips in
A
flexion
24
Q
when sprinter drives up to start running what joint movement is happening at the hip
A
extension
25
plane of flexion / extension
sagittal
26
flexion at hip - muscle
illiopsoas
27
extension at hip - muscle
gluteus maximus
28
what happens to muscles in hip flexion
- illiopsoas contracts = agonist
- gluteus maximus relaxes = antagonist
- hamstring group ext and quadricep group flex = also contribute to hip action
- mention concentric contraction here
29
when sprinter starts moving - muscle action - extension at hip
- gluteus maximus = agonist - contracts
- illiopsoas = antagonist - relaxes
30
isometric contraction
involves tension in muscle but no movement
31
sprinter - isometric contraction - sprint start
- at hips
- maintains balance
32
concentric contraction
muscle shortens under tension to cause movement
33
more powerful the contraction ..
faster sprint start
34
explain how conduction system of the heart controls diastole
- atria relax = atria/ventricles do not contract
- due to no electrical impulse
35
Describe how the use of a wind tunnel could help an elite track cyclist to enhance their performance
- collects data on cyclist / bike/ equipment
- optimises aerodynamics around bike
- optimises streamline around cyclists clothes
- optimise aerodynamics around body position
36
agonist muscles during flexion at the knee
- Biceps Femoris
- semi-membranosus
- semi-tendinosus
37
plane of motion - flexion
sagittal
38
Explain how neural factors control heart rate at the start of exercise and during recovery
- Heart rate regulated/controlled by the autonomic nervous system/ANS
- Cardiac control centre receives information from the
receptors
- Chemoreceptors detect increased
(pp)CO2/acidity/lactic acid or decreased (pp)O2/pH
- proprioceptors detect (increased) motor activity/movement
- baroreceptors detect increased blood pressure
- SA node increases firing rate/HR
RECOVERY
- (Receptors) Chemoreceptors detect decreased (pp)CO2/acidity/lactic acid or increased (pp)O2/pH
- proprioceptors detect decreased motor activity/movement
- baroreceptors detect decreased blood pressure
- parasympathetic nervous system (to decrease HR)
- Vagus nerve (stimulated)
- SA node decreases firing rate/HR
39
how long does acclimatisation take at high altitudes
- 2 weeks minimum
40
describe physiological processes of acclimatisation to altitude
- Increased release EPO
- Increased red blood cell
- increased capillarisation
- Breathing rate/ventilation stabilise
- Decrease in stroke volume/cardiac output/Q
- Decrease in altitude sickness/headaches/poor sleep/lack of
appetite
41
Name sports where anabolic steroids may be used
- rugby
- weightlifting
- sprinting
42
positives - anabolic steroids
- increased muscle mass
-Increased maximal/explosive strength/power
- Increased speed of recovery
- Increased intensity/duration/quality/quantity of
anaerobic/(near) maximal training
43
negatives - anabolic steroids
- hormone imbalance
- Liver/kidney/heart disease/damage
- Increased blood pressure
- Increased aggression/irritability/low mood
44
why is shoulder flexibility important for a swimmer
- swimmer can apply force over an increased distance/time
- swimmer moves a greater distance through the water
- swimmer is more efficient
- same distance/achieves faster times/swims quicker
- decreased risk of injury
45
why do performers want to increase friction
- allows greater acceleration/deceleration/change of
direction/speed/velocity/drive force
- to improve grip/decrease the chance of their foot/feet slipping/increase stability
46
how do performers increase friction
- Increased roughness of footwear/tyres e.g, athletes wear spikes gymnasts
chalking/taping hands
- Increased softness of contact surface, e.g rubber soles on training shoes
- Increased roughness of ground surface, e.g cross country runner choosing to run a line on rougher ground/rubber/tartan track
- Increased temperature, e.g heating tyres /warm up laps in motor sports
47
A basketballer jumps upwards from 1 foot to reach a rebound
Explain the resulting motion of the basketballer
- Reaction force is greater than weight
- net force upwards
- There is acceleration upwards
- The basketball player leaves the ground
48
Explain how the physiological adaptations from strength training may benefit a performer
- muscle hypertrophy = enables greater force of contraction
- increased recruitment of muscle fibres = increased efficiency of muscular contraction
- Increased glycogen stores and mitochondria density = performer can work at high intensities for longer
- increased bone density = reduces injury risk
49
which joints do the illiopsoas act on
hip
50
which joint does the latissimus dorsi act on
shoulder
51
give an example of a movement in the sagittal plane
somersault
52
give an example of a movement in the transverse plane
pirouette
53
what is the movement of the elbow during the upward phase of a press up
extension
54
what is the agonist at the elbow during the upward phase of a press up
triceps brachii
55
what type of contraction is the agonist at the upward phase of a press up
concentric
56
what is the antagonist at the upward phase of a press up
biceps brachii
57
4 mechanisms of venous return that maintain blood flow back to the heart
- valves = that prevent backflow of blood
- Muscle/ skeletal pump = skeletal muscles contract squeezing veins
- Smooth muscle - in walls of veins contracts / venoconstriction
- Respiratory pump - pressure differences in thoracic to abdominal cavity during breathing
- Gravity helps blood from above heart return to heart
58
describe intermittent hypoxic training
- Interval training
- under conditions of low oxygen
59
benefits intermittent hypoxic training
- increased RBCs
- increased density of
mitochondria
- increased buffering capacity
60
risks intermittent hypoxic training
- disruption to training
- decreased immune system
- increased risk of infection
- dehydration
- benefits are lost quickly
61
how does age affect VO2 max
- from early 20s onwards VO2 max decreases
- Due to reduced elasticity in heart / blood vessels / lungs
62
how does gender affect VO2 Max
- females tend to have lower VO2 max
- Due to lower muscle mass / higher percentage body fat
- lower haemoglobin levels
63
Timing prepatory phase - hockey
July/August
64
Objectives prepatory phase
- general conditioning
- sport specific training, e.g hockey drills
65
Timing transition phase - hockey
June
66
Objectives - transition phase
- active rest
- low intensity / non-sport specific activities
67
3 factors that affect stability of a gymnast
- height of centre of mass
- position line of gravity
- size of base of support
68
when will explosive strength be used in a team game
rugby player sprinting down the wing
69
when will aerobic capacity be used in a team game
jogging/running the last 90 minutes of a football match without tiring
70
stroke volume
volume of blood pumped out of left ventricle per heart beat
71
typical stroke volume value
100 ml
72
short term effects of altitude training on cardiovascular system
- increase in heart rate
- decrease in stroke volume
- decrease in maximal cardiac output
73
short term effects of altitude training on respiratory systems
- increase in tidal volume
- increase in breathing rate
74
benefits of hydration
- prevents dehydration
- prevents overheating
75
negatives of dehydration
- nausea
- reduced sodium levels
76
benefits of caffeine
- increased fat breakdown
- increased nerve stimulation
77
negatives caffeine
- diuretic
- insomnia
78
describe use of gas analysis for measuring aerobic capacity
- Performer runs on treadmill
- Progressive / increasing intensity
- To exhaustion OR maximal test
- Mask is worn to collect expired air
- expired air is analysed
79
factors affecting air resistance
- as velocity increases AR increases
- the more aerodynamic / streamlined the lower the AR
- the greater the frontal cross-sectional area the higher the AR
- the smoother the surface the lower the AR
- spin affects AR
80
example of a balanced force
- 2 or more forces are acting equal in size and opposite in direction
- runner at constant velocity
81
example unbalanced force
- 2 or more forces are not equal in size
- tennis serve
82
fixator
muscle which stabilises a joint
83
agonist
prime mover / responsible for creating movement
