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a level p.e > Component 2 - learning theories > Flashcards

Component 2 - learning theories Flashcards

1
Q

what is operant conditioning ?

A
  • learning through consequence, a performer learns to link or connect a stimulus to a set response
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2
Q

give an example for operant conditioning ?

A

a tennis player learns to connect the stimulus of a high tennis ball to a smash shot

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3
Q

what are the steps of operant conditioning ?

A
  • a coach will manipulate the environment
  • the performer will respond to the stimulus using trial and error
  • the coach will shape the behaviour of the performer through reinforcement
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4
Q

give an example of how a coach will manipulate the environment ?

A
  • a badminton coach will place hula hoops at the back of the court to aim long serves into
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5
Q

give an example of how the performer will respond to the stimulus using trial and error ?

A
  • the performer experiments ways of performing the long serve
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6
Q

give an example of how the coach will shape the behaviour of the performer through reinforcement ?

A

the badminton coach will praise the correct serve action even if it didn’t go in the hoop

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7
Q

what are the 2 types of reinforcement ?

A

positive
negative

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8
Q

what is positive reinforcement ?

A

a stimulus (reward/satisfier) is given when the desired response occurs

this allows the performer to repeat the same correct response

this strengthens the correct s-r bond

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9
Q

what is an s - r bond ?

A

stimulus response bond

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10
Q

give an example of positive reinforcement ?

A

a rugby coach praises a performer for tackling with correct technique

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11
Q

what is negative reinforcement ?

A

an unpleasant stimulus (annoyer) is withdrawn when the desired response occurs

this makes the performer repeat the same correct response

strengthens correct s-r bond

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12
Q

give an example of negative reinforcement ?

A

a swimming coach stops criticising a performer when the dive with correct technique

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13
Q

what is positive punishment ?

A

a coach will add an unpleasant stimulus to decrease undesired behaviour

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14
Q

give an example of positive punishment ?

A

a netball coach will make the team complete 5 laps of the court for lack of effort in training

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15
Q

what is negative punishment ?

A

a coach will take away a pleasant stimulus to decrease undesired behaviour

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16
Q

give an example of negative punishment ?

A

a hockey coach drops the performer from the starting 11 for missing training

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17
Q

what does punishment help to do ?

A

weaken an incorrect s-r bond
points out where behaviour needs to be changed

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18
Q

give an example as to when punishment helps a performer change behaviour ?

A

the hockey player is dropped they understand that they need to attend training if they want to make the starting 11

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19
Q

what does reinforcement help to do ?

A

make the performer repeat the same correct response

strengthen the correct s-r bond

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20
Q

when is reinforcement beneficial ?

A
  • coach has influence to encourage correct learning
  • manipulation of environment means correct learning will happen
  • can be used on young performers
  • reinforces correct s-r bond
  • effective for all stages of learning
  • shaping allows stages of success
  • developing s-r bonds leads to automatic responses
  • learning is quick if a reward is given every time
  • it motivates people is trial and error is failing
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21
Q

when is reinforcement problematic ?

A
  • reward can become more important than enjoying the activity
  • if used at the wrong time can strengthen incorrect s-r bond
  • reward can become meaningless if overused
  • ineffective if unspecific
  • if negative can demotivate beginners
  • if negative unfounded can have detrimental effects on performance
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22
Q

what is the cognitive theory of learning ?

A
  • learning is centred around thinking and understanding, and is best achieved by presenting the whole skill or problem to the learner
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23
Q

give an example of the cognitive theory of learning ?

A

a basketball coach explaining the benefits of a bounce pass in the context of a set play

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24
Q

what are the main stages of the cognitive theory of learning ?

A

coach presents whole skill to performer in a realistic situation

insight learning

intervening variables are considered

mental rehearsal

25
how does the coach present the whole skill to the performer?
in a realistic situation
26
give an example of when the coach will present the whole skill to the performer ?
a tennis coach shows the performer a lob against an active opponent during a rally on a full sized court
27
what is insight learning ?
the learner has to think about and understand the problem as a whole
28
give an example of insight learning
the learner thinks about the lob in the context of a rally and understands why it is used
29
in the 3rd step of CTOL what does the performer consider to help them respond to a stimulus ?
intervening variables
30
what are intervening variables ?
influencers that occur between the presentation of a stimulus and the learners response to it
31
give an example of the performer using intervening variables ?
the learner percieves the height of the tennis ball and the position of the opposition before executing the lob
32
how does the performer use mental rehearsal ?
of past experiences (reminiscence) to help with their learning
33
give an example as to when mental rehearsal is used ?
a learner will recall a situation where they attempted a lob and it went without them losing a point
34
when is the cognitive theory of learning beneficial ?
- performer develops a better understanding - performer may be able to apply a skill or tactic more effectively - performer could make quick progress - helps the performer when problem solving or using perception in the future - enables performers to adapt to different situations better or to use schema - can learn to self correct - learning skill has a whole helps develop kinaesthetic feel
35
what are the drawbacks to the cognitive theory of learning ?
- performer may find whole skill or tactic too difficult - can be ineffective for low organisation, complex, serial or dangerous skills - performer can lose motivation - learning may be slower if performer doesn't understand skill or tactic - performer may understand but cannot physically execute the skill - may have no past experiences to draw back on
36
what is observational learning ?
learning through watching and copying a role model
37
give an example of observational learning ?
a netball player watches her coach perform an interception and attempts an interception during practice
38
what are the stages of observational learning ?
demonstration attention retention motor reproduction motivation
39
what is demonstration ?
a coach will demonstrate the skill
40
give an example of demonstration ?
a volleyball coach demonstrates how to block in volleyball
41
what is attention ?
first process of the model the learner must focus on the demonstration if they are to copy it
42
what is selective attention ?
where the performer focuses on important cues
43
give an example of attention and how it is used ?
a volleyball player pays attention to the position of the coach's arms during the demonstration of the block
44
what is retention ?
second process of the model learner must remember the image of the demonstration in order to copy it
45
give an example of retention ?
a volleyball player mentally rehearses the image of the block in order to repeat it
46
what is motor reproduction ?
- 3rd process of the model - learner must have the physical ability to reproduce the demonstration learner must have a mental understanding of the skill in order to repeat it
47
give an example of when the player must have the physical ability to reproduce the demonstration ( motor reproduction )
volleyball player must be able to jump high enough in order to perform the block
48
give an example as to when the performer must have a mental understanding of the skill in order to repeat it (motor reproduction )
volleyball player must understand how to perform the block and why it is used
49
what is motivation ?
the final process of the model - the learner must have the drive and desire to copy the demonstration
50
give an example of when motivation is used ?
a volleyball player may see another team-mate successfully perform a block and be motivated to copy it
51
why is it important to pay attention when learning via observational learning ?
how much attention they pay to the demonstration will impact on their ability to reproduce the skill
52
what effects how much attention performer pay to the demonstration ?
- how interested the performer is - how motivated they are to be able to perform the skill - perceived attractiveness of the model - status of the model - observers attention span - incentives
53
why is retention important when learning via observational learning ?
they need the ability to be able to remember the image
54
how can the performers ability to remember the image be improved ?
- using mental rehearsal - considering the demonstration - adding meaning to the demonstration - chunking information included in the demonstration - demonstration being repeated
55
why is motor reproduction important in observational learning ?
demonstrations should be matched to the capability and ability of the level of the observers
56
give an example of when demonstrations need to match the ability of performers in motor reproduction stage ?
- performers must have correct weight - undamaged equipment - be warmed up
57
what can help motor reproduction ?
feedback can aid learning and understanding
58
give an example of when feedback can help aid learning and understanding in motor reproduction ?
explaining why a shoulder pass is used in netball may help with the understanding of the skill
59
how can motor reproduction be increased in observational learning ?
positive reinforcement/feedback/incentives similar role model high status role model vicarious reinforcement successful vicarious experience can raise self efficacy to try to copy the desired behaviour

a level p.e (25 decks)

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