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BIOSCI > Composition and features of BLOOD > Flashcards

Composition and features of BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Blood circulation

A

vast amount of tiny capillaries- high pressure to force blood through
large vessels- high v / low F
small vessels Low V/ High F.

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2
Q

Describe what Blood pressure ensures

A

even and efficient flow through the small capillaries

low enough to present capillary leakage but high enough to avoid coagulation

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3
Q

What are the 7 Major components of blood

A 
cells
proteins
lipids
electrolytes
Vitamins, hormones
Glucose
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4
Q

state Blood ‘cells’

A

Erythroid, myeloid, lymphoid

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5
Q

state Protein cells in blood

A

albumin, haemoglobin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulin

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6
Q

State the lipid cells

A

bound in lipoproteins HDL, LDL, VLDL

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7
Q

State the Electrolytes

A

salts and minerals ( HCO, NA, CI, CA, MG, K, creatine

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8
Q

State the Major blood proteins

A

Albumin

Fibrinogen

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9
Q

Describe ALbumin

A

Major blood protein

Maintains colloidal osmotic pressure.

binds and transports main small molecules and hormones

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10
Q

Describe Fibrinogen

A

7% of total blood protein
activated through the coagulation cascade to form cross linked fibrin

Fibrinogen—– Fibrin

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11
Q

What are immunoglobulins

A

Antibodies. Diverse range of antigens binding proteins- produced by B lymphocytes

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12
Q

What is Complement

A

9 proteins that coat bacteria targeting them for phagacytosis. C3 is a major component

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13
Q

What are Coagulation factors

A

13 proteins cleaved in an ordered cascade resulting in fibrogen—- fibrin.

CA is essential to coagulation.

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14
Q

What is HAemophillia

A

results from a missing component. Factor 8 deficiency is the commonest form of haemophillia

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15
Q

Describe electolytes

A

Istonicity and buffering. Blood pH is tightly maintained at 7.4.

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16
Q

Describe the electrolytes which are tightly monitored

A

Free Ca++

K+ are tighly maintained. Most important

They are critical for regulation of cell membrane channels, ion pumps and normal nerve and muscle function such as heart

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17
Q

What are the innate blood cells

A

Basophils
Eosinophil
Neutophils

monocyte
Macrophage

18
Q

what are the adaptive blood cells

A

small lymphocyte
t lymphocyte
b lymphocyte
plasma cells

19
Q

State the three factors that drive haematopoiesis

A

GM- CSF : Granulocyte macrophage colony- stimulating factor

EPO- Erythropoietin

G- CSF- Granulocyte colony stimulating

20
Q

Describe GM- CSF

A

Produced by macrophage, T cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts

stimulates the production of
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes

21
Q

Describe EPO

A

drives the production of erythrocytes

produced mainly by the kidney during adulthood and liver in perinatal

22
Q

Describe G-CSF

A

Stimulates production of granulocytes but also acts to mature neutrophils

23
Q

Describe Hemoglobin and oxygen transport

A

association and dissociation of O2 from heme is regulated by the partial pressure of O2

eg: O2 readily associated in the lungs and dissociates in the tissues

24
Q

Why do cells need O2

A

energy= oxidization

25
Q

What is complement essential for

A

complement is a proteolytic activation cascade and is essential for innate immunity.

26
Q

What is C3

A

most abundant complement component in serum

attaches to the bacteria by a covalent bond

27
Q

How is complement activated

A

The classical pathway is mediated by antibodies IgM or IgG binding to a microbe surface which is then bound by complement C1

28
Q

What is opsonisation

A

Very first activation in infection.

Soaking of a bacteria in complement enables you to recognize bacteria as nonself

29
Q

describe convertases

A

Desposited complexes are called convertases. These activate more complement that then deposits to coat the surface

30
Q

How are convertase bound

A

irreversibly bound through a covalent bond

31
Q

What occurs during with C3, C4 and C5

A

they all produce small fragment (C3a, C4a and C5a) that are powerful chemoattractant called anaphylotoxins that attract and activate neutrophils.

C5a is the most important

32
Q

What occurs to people who lack complement

A

They are susceptible to chronic infections

33
Q

Describe factors that influence the complement cascade

A

Many microbes produce proteins called virulence factors that inhibit the complement cascade.

34
Q

Describe coagulation

A

Proteolytic activation cascade
there are two pathways for activation
- Intrinsic caused by contact with surfaces
- Extrinsic caused by tissue damage

35
Q

What is Factor X

A

Is a key enzyme in coagulation

it is common in the 2 pathways (extrinsic and intrinsic)

36
Q

Calcium’s involvement with coagulation

A

essential at a number of steps. Remove calcium and blood does not clot

37
Q

Thrombins involvement with coagulation

A

A enzyme that claves fribrogen to fibrin which cross-links

38
Q

Describe parasites involvement with coagulation

A

parasites and other microbes that rely on blood flow produce powerful anti coagulants that typically target the thrombin step

39
Q

Describe Plasminogen in coagulation

A

Plasminogen is converted to active plasmin and dissolves the clot (thrombolysis)

40
Q

Describe Plasminogen’s involvement with medicine

A

Plasminogen activates: TPA (Tissue Plasminogen Activator) or Strephtokinase are used widely in medicine for the treatment of thrombosis.

41
Q

Carbon monoxide turns the blood which colour

A

cheery red

42
Q

Cyanide turns the blood what colour

A

pink

BIOSCI (29 decks)

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