Congenital Neoplasia Flashcards
(76 cards)
1
Q
What are the three stages that testicular descent occurs in?
A
- Transabdominal migration
- Intra-Inguinal Migration
- Extra-Inguinal Migration
2
Q
What helps pull the testis towards the scrotum?
A
Gubernaculum
3
Q
What is an important indicator of DSD’s in females?
A
Clitromegaly- swelling in the erectile tissue of the clitoris
4
Q
What does the TFM mutation in humans, mice, rats, horses, cattle and cats cause?
A
lack of androgen receptors in all cells
5
Q
What is a complete sex reversal in females?
A
- Autosomal recessive X acts like a Y gene
- XX, but phenotype Male
- Reported in dogs, pigs and goats
6
Q
What is a cystic mesonephric tubule remnant?
A
- Common around the ovary and uterine tubes, especially in mares
- will contain smooth muscle in the walls
7
Q
What is cystic rete ovarii?
A
arises from rete ovarii, no smooth muscle in the wall
* may compress the ovary and interfere with function
8
Q
What are fimbrial cysts the remnants of?
A
remnants of the paramesonephric duct, incidental
9
Q
Where are mesonephric duct remnants commonly found?
A
Common along the uterine tubes, cervix, cranial vagina
may be found in the myometrium
10
Q
What is the complete absence of a uterine horn?
A
uterus unicornis
11
Q
What is an imperforate hymen?
A
failure of fusion of the paramesonephric ducts with the urogenital sinus
leading to distension of the more proximal tract
12
Q
What is cryptochordism?
A
Incompete descent of the testis and associated structures
* retained testis fails to develop and looks immature- can regress over time
13
Q
What does cryptochordism compromise?
A
It compromised fertility, makes you more prone to neoplasia
14
Q
What is a dog with cryptochordism also prone to?
A
Torsion
15
Q
What does an XXY genotype look like phenotypically?
In males
A
Ambiguous phenotype and/or infertility, hypoplastic internal genitalia
16
Q
In what animal species are XXY genotypes common?
A
Male calico or tortoiseshell cats
17
Q
What genotype is the most common male DSD?
A
XY, as it includes any defect in the male tract
18
Q
What is persistent Mullerian-Duct Syndrome?
A
- XY SRY + Testicular male DSD in miniature schnauzers
- Retention of the paramesonephric duct
- Can also develop pyometra/ hydrometra
- Often also cryptorchid
19
Q
What is hypospadia?
A
Failure of midline fusion, leading to a defect
20
Q
What is testicular hypoplasia?
A
Failure of the testis to grow to a normal size
most common DSD in rams
can only be confirmed after puberty
21
Q
In what animal species is testicular hypoplasia hereditary in?
A
Bulls, Rams and Bucks
22
Q
What usually causes Monorchism?
A
unilateral degeneration rather than agenesis
23
Q
What occurs with aplasia of the mesonephric duct?
A
- absence of the epididymal tail most common
- sperm is still produced but cant get out
- Tubules dilate and form spermatic granulomas
- causes pressure atrophy of the testis
24
Q
What is a spermatic granuloma of the epididymal head?
A
Due to failure of the effeerent ductules to form the epididymal duct
Sperm builds up in blind-ended tubules
Tubules rupture and form granulomas
Inflammation and fibrosis block the other ducts
25
What species are spermatic granuloma of the epididymal head common in?
Polled Goats, Boston Terriors
26
What is a persistent penis frenulum?
* Failuee of the penis to separate completely from the prepuce
27
What cattle species has a pendulous penis and therefore can have weak preputial muscles
Bos indicus cattle
28
What is a papillary cystadenoma?
benign neoplasm, common in the bitch
* papillary projections from the ovary resemble a cauliflower
* develops from the ovarian cortex
* carcinomatosis is common and tends to obstruct lymphatics
* important differential for ascites in an older intact bitch
29
What animal is the granulosa cell tumour common in?
Mares
* Produces three behavioural patterns due to steroid production
30
What does an ovarian neoplasia (granuloma cell tumour) look like grossly?
* Cystic on the cut surface but can also be solid
* Solid areas are white or yellow depending on the lipid content
31
What is dysgerminoma?
Cancer that originates in the germ cells of females
32
What does dysgerminoma look like
Smooth, Soft, Grey, Patchy necrosis and haemorrhage- lots of mitotic figures
33
What does canine TVT look like?
Papillary projections from the epithelium that grow rapidly into ulcerated, friable, masses
* Round Cell Tumour with marked anisocytosis and high mitotic count
* more aggressive in malnourished/immunocompromised animals and can effect periorbital mucosa in these animals
34
What does bovine papillomavirus 1 lesions look like grossly?
Vulval and penile fibropapillomas in young animals (1-2 years)
The most common vulval tumour of cows
Mostly connective tissue
Benign but can interfere with the movement of the penis
Regress spontaneously
35
What does a transmissible genital papilloma in pigs affect?
* preputial diverticulum of baors and the vulva of sows
* 1-3cm papular lesions that regress spontaneously
36
What is the testes determining factor?
SRY
37
What is Chimerism?
* Mutation of the genetic material in the cell
* Fusion of one or more zygotes
38
What is mosaicism?
When a person has two or more genetically different sets of cells in the body
39
What species does the TFM mutation cause a lack of androgen receptors in all cells in?
| species
## Footnote
XY genotype, XX phenotype
* humans
* mice
* rats
* horses
* cattle
* cats
40
What causes the XY genotype to have a female phenotype?
TFM mutation
lack of androgen receptors in all cells (no testosterone)
41
What ovarian congenital anomalie can form in horses, cattle, and dogs
Vascular Hamartomas
42
What can happen if there is an imperforate hymen?
* Can cause secretions to accumulate
* this leads to distension of the proximal tract
43
What animal is a granulosa cell tumour common in?
Common in mares
44
What is a teratoma?
Solid and cystic areas, with hair, sebaceous material, nervous tissue, bone, cartilage etc.
45
In what animal species is a teratoma most common?
In males, mostly young foals
46
How can TVT's be transmitted?
Coitus and sometimes by Sniffing/ Licking
47
What is a canine TVT?
Papillary projection from the epithelium that grow rapidly into ulcerated, friable masses that protrude from the vulva in females
* More aggressive in malnourished/ immunocomprimised animals
48
Why do we only see free-martinism in calves and not horses?
* Horses can have anastomoses in twin pregnancy but they rarely survive to term
* Possible but very rare in small ruminants
* Possible in pigs but very rare despite large anastomoses
49
What is an XY DSD in horses?
phenotypic mare with a hypoplastic testes and uteri
| called familial syndrome
50
What is an XY DSD in cats?
TFM mutation causes a lack of androgen recetors in all cells
AMH is still produced so paramesonephric duct derivatives are absent
normal female external genitalia, small abdominal testes, no internal tubular structure, normal mammae, male behaviour in the affected horses
51
What is the XX DSD in females?
Normal female with a minor anomaly like cystic duct remnants
52
What is the extreme version of an XX DSD in females?
Complete sex reversal (XX Phenotypic male)
Autsomal recessive X acts like a Y gene
Reported in dogs, pigs and goats
53
What is polled intersex syndrome of goats?
XX testicualr or XX ovotesticular
* deletion on chromosone 1 of the gene
* autosomal recessive, both copies of the gene are required to have the defect
54
In what animal species is ovarian hypoplasia most common?
seen in several species but it is best described in cattle
55
In what animal is paramesonephric duct segmental aplasia most common
Autosomal recessive gene in white shorthorn cattle
Secretions can inspissate in isolated sections of uterus
56
In what species is failure of the paramesonephric ducts to fuse most common?
Cows
* usually involves the cervix, partial failure is more common than complete
* the uterine body and proximal cervix are normal but there are two canals in the distal cervix
57
What is the histology of cryptorchididism?
* Histology looks prepubertal, no spermatogenesis (too warm)
* Comprimises fertility, more prone to neoplasia
* also prone to torsion
58
What is segmental aplasia of the mesonephric duct?
* rare, occurs in all species, absence of the epidymal tail is the most common
* sperm is still produced but cannot get out
* Tubules dilate and form spermatic granulomas
* causes pressure atrophy of the testis
* affected animals may have vesicular gland hypoplasia
59
What is a spermatic granuloma of the epidymal head?
* Due to failure of the efferent ductules to join the epididymal duct
* Sperm builds up in blind-ended tubules
* Tubules then rupture and form granulomas
* inflammation and fibrosis block other ducts
* common in polled goats and boston terriors
60
What is a congenital cyst?
| in males
epithelium-lined cyst
61
What is a pseudocyst in males?
no epithelial lining
either can become infected and convert to abscesses
62
What is ovarian neoplasia?
* usually occurs in older animals, if endocrinologically functional can cause behavioural changes
* most common in bitch, cow, mare
63
What are the three categories of ovarian tumour?
* Epithelial
* Sex cord/ stromal #
* Germ cell
64
What is an ovarian haemangioma?
rare, except in pigs
well circumscribed, tan to red-brown mass
65
What is a Leiomyoma?
* Most common neoplasm in the bitch
* arises from the smooth wall of the vagina, uterus and cervix
* can be either single or multiple
* firm, tan-white nodues
66
What is a Leiomyosarcoma?
More irregular, invasuve version of a Leiomyoma
67
What is an endometrial and cervical carcinoma?
Very common in rabbits
* reported more often in cows than other species
* single or multiple hard nodules
68
What is a tubular tract lymphoma?
* Common in cows with multicentrci lymphoma
69
What is a sertoli cell tumour?
* Common in dogs but rare in other species, metastasis rare but possible into the spinal cord
* Induced fibrosis so is white and firm
* resembles tubules separated by collagen
* foamy elongated cells with small nuclei and lipid droplets, few mitoses
* similiar appearance between dogs, bulls and rams
70
What may a sertoli cell tumour cause?
* hyperestrogenism and feminisation
* it releases inhibin which may inhibit FSH and LH
* Endocrine effect is more common in larger tumours
* removal of tumour alters the hormone imbalance
71
What is an interstitial cell tumour?
well demarcated, yellow, soft, often contains haemorrhage
often multiple in dogs but usually not large enough to cause testicular enlargement
slow growing and can cause compression atrophy
sometimes produces hyperestrogenism
well-differentiated endocrine cells
72
What is a squamous cell carcinoma?
* Most common in horses
* mostly found on the head of the penis but also preputial
* Desmoplasia makes tumours firm, they tend to ulcerate and become necrotic
* Histology looks like SCC anywhere else
73
What is a squamous papilloma?
* Benign, keratinising, papilliform tumour
* can then progress to SCC
* Most common in the horse and the dog
* Papillomavirus suspected but not proven
74
What is prostatic neoplasia?
Neoplasia of accesory sex glands is rare but prostatic tumours are well recognised in dogs
Mostly older (above 10 years of age)
Dysuria, Obstruction, Faecal obstipation
may have neurological signs
75
What is a mixed germ-cell sex cord stromal tumour?
* Fourth most common testicular tumour in dogs, also reported in stallions
* looks grossly like a sertoli cell tumour
* truly mixed as opposed to a collision tumour
76
What is a teratoma?
* Differentiated dysgermimoma
* Totipotential germ cells undergo differentiation to a variety of tissues
* Solid and cystic areas with hair,sebaceous material, sometimes nervous tissue, bone, cartilage, teeth, respiratory epithelium
