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VMS 2006 > Pregnancy Failure in Equines > Flashcards

Pregnancy Failure in Equines Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

What three things make up pregnancy failure in mares?

A
  1. Conception Failure
  2. Early Embryonic Death
  3. Abortion
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2
Q

At what point during the season are you unable to re-breed?

A

day 35-40

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3
Q

What percentage of pregnancy losses occur in the embro stage?

in thoroughbreds

A

20%

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4
Q

What percentage of pregnancies are lost during the foetal phase?

A

12%

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5
Q

What percentage of pregnancies are lost during the perinatal phase?

A

1%

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6
Q

When is equine abortion most likely to be seen?

A

6-11 months

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7
Q

What are the three warning signs of abortion in mares?

A
  1. Premature lactation
  2. Vulval relaxation
  3. Vaginal Discharge
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8
Q

How would you remove twins at day 15?

A

Manual crushing of the smaller vesicle

re-check repeatedly until day 40

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9
Q

What is acute placentitis?

A

hyperaemia and haemorrhage > degeneration and necrosis from chorionic villi to surrounding chorioallantois, organisms and toxins then invade and kill the foetus

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10
Q

What is chronic placentitis?

A

infection extends through the placenta > oedema and thickening of the chorioallantois > gradual separation of the affected chorionic villi

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11
Q

What are the warning signs of placentitis?

A

premature lactation/ udder development
vaginal discharge

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12
Q

How would you diagnose placentitis?

A
  • Transrectal ultrasound
  • Aborted foetus- often retardation
  • Send the placenta for histology
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13
Q

How would you prevent placentitis?

A
  • prebreeding assesment of perineal conformation
  • endometrial swabs pre-breeding
  • intra-uterine medication post-breeding
  • ‘caslick’ operation post-breeding
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14
Q

What are the three infectious causes of abortion?

A
  • EHV-1
  • Leptospirosis Pomona
  • Salmonella Abortus equi
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15
Q

What three notifiable diseases cause abortion?

A
  • EVA
  • EIA
  • AHS
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16
Q

What is the most common cause of infectious abortion in mares in the UK?

A

EHV-1

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17
Q

What does EHV-1 Cause?

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A

sudden, rapid abortion with no warning signs,
primary respiratory disease so there may be a history with coughs and nasal discharge

18
Q

What does EHV-1 look like in the foetus?

grossly

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Excess serosal fluid
  • Minute white spots on the liver
  • Enlarged spleen
  • Soft thymus
19
Q

What does EHV-1 look like in the placenta?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Allantochorion, thick and heavy oedema
  • Common for chorion to be outside
  • Rupture across the body is common
20
Q

What does EHV-1 look like in histology?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Necrotic Foci in the liver, lung and adrenal cortex
  • Lymphoid tissue necrosis
21
Q

How would you detect EHV-1 virus?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Virus isolation from foetal tissues or blood
  • PCR- for EHV-1
22
Q

What is the epidemiology of EHV-1?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Transmitted via aerosols or fomites
  • foetal membranes and vaginal discharge is highly infective
  • causes sporadic abortion in vaccinated mares
  • causes abortion storms in naive unvaccinated populations
23
Q

What are the Clinical signs of EVA?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Pyrexia, Lethargy, depression, Anorexia
  • Oedema of limbs and ventral abdomen
  • Conjunctivitis and Chemosis
  • Nasal discharge
24
Q

How is swamp fever spread?

Study These Flashcards
A

Spread via biting flies
(has no known treatment/ vaccine)

25
How would you diagnose swamp fever?
Coggins blood test
26
What are the clinical signs of Swamp Fever?
* Pyrexia * Thrombocytopenia * Death
27
What are the two potential post-abortion complications?
* Bacterial placentitis * Retained whole or part foetal membranes
28
Name three maternal factors that may cause embryonic abortion
1. Oviduct environment 2. Age 3. Uterine Environment
29
Name three external factors that may cause embryonic abortion
1. Stress 2. Inadequate Nutrition 3. Toxin ingestion
30
Name three embryonic factors that may cause embryonic abortion
1. Small size 2. Morphological defects 3. Chromosonal abnormalities
31
How often would you need to re-check the manual crushing of the embryo?
re-check repeatedly up until day 40
32
What does EHV-1 look like histologically?
* Necrotic foci in the liver * Lymphoid tissue necrosis
33
How would you detect a EHV-1 virus?
* Take sample from foetal tissues or blood * PCR for EHV-1 takes aroind 8 days
34
How is EVA most commonly spread in stallions?
Venereal infection in carrier stallions
35
What does an EVA abortion fetus look like?
* Autolysed but with no specific lesions * Inform lab when sending off/ suspect EVA
36
How can you treat EVA?
Mainly supportive care * Spontaneous recovery in mares * Stallions may need castrating
37
How is EVA most likely transmited from male to female?
* Direct transmission during mating * Contact with the aborted fetus * Respiratory route
38
What vaccination can you give an EVA stallion?
* They can be vaccinated is previously proven to be seronegative
39
What may bacterial placentitis cause?
* persistent bacterial endometriosis
40
What may retained foetal membranes cause if not dealt with quickly?
Endotoxaemia * may then get acute severe laminitis due to the endotoxaemia
41
What do you note when examining the aborted fetus?
* Freshness * Congenital defects * Birth trauma * Meconium staining * Subcut oedema

VMS 2006 (23 decks)

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