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VMS 2006 > Parasites of the Reproductive system > Flashcards

Parasites of the Reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

What species does toxoplasma gondii primarily affect?

A

Mammals and Birds

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2
Q

How much of the worlds population is infected by toxoplasma gondii?

A

30% of the global population

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3
Q

What parasite is most closely related to abortion?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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4
Q

What is the only definitive host of toxoplasma gondii?

A

Cat

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5
Q

When do toxoplasma oocysts shed?

A

they shed 3-10 days after infection for 1-3 weeks

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6
Q

How many toxoplasma oocysts shed in the faeces?

A

100 million

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7
Q

How long does toxoplasma take to sporulate?

A

1-5 days and then divides into 2 sporocysts

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8
Q

What is the shape and size of toxoplasma oocysts?

A

Oval, 10um in diameter

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9
Q

How long do toxoplasma oocysts remain infective for?

A

Over a year in a warm, humid environment

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10
Q

What size are Toxoplasma tissue cysts?

A

60 um in diameter, there are up to 60,000 of them

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11
Q

When do toxoplasma cysts appear?

A

Over 7 days post-infection

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12
Q

What part of the body do toxoplasma tissue cyst affect?

A

CNS, eyes, muscle and other sites

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13
Q

When may T.gondii infections sit in reserve?

A

When there is a change in the hosts immune status, e.g pregnancy, FELV, FIV

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14
Q

How do cats become infected with T.gondii?

A

Cats are infected via predation, e.g mice, voles.

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15
Q

What are the clinical signs of T.gondii in cats?

A
  • Mild diarrhoea, fever, loss of appetite, lethargy
  • Lungs= pneumonia, respiratory distress
  • Eyes and CNS
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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of T.gondii bradyzoites in rodents?

In the CNS

A
  • ‘suicidal’ changes in behaviour
  • more active
  • reduced fear of new objects
  • increased attraction to cat odour
  • lose the aversion to cats
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17
Q

What is the seroprevalence of ovine toxoplamosis?

A

54.2%

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18
Q

What does ovine toxoplasmosis cause?

A

Still births, weak/ unthrifty lambs

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19
Q

What is the estimated cost of ovine toxoplamsosis to the sheep industry?

A

12 million per year

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20
Q

How do sheep become infected with ovine toxoplasmosis?

A

through ingestion of oocysts that contaminate grass, hay, straw or concentrates

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21
Q

What are the clinical signs of ovine toxoplasmosis in early pregnancy?

A

embryo reabsorption/ early foetal loss, barren ewes, poor conception rate

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22
Q

What are the clinical signs of ovine toxoplasmosis in later pregnancy?

A
  • Abortion
  • Mummified foetus
  • foetus dying later in gestation but born with varying levels of decomposition- often with clear-to-bloody subcut oedema
  • stillbirth
  • weak lambs
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23
Q

What does the pathology of ovine toxoplasmosis look like?

A
  • Placental cotyledons bright to dark red, with speckled white foci of necrosis
24
Q

How could you control the spread of toxoplasmosis in cats?

A

No treatment available but you can neuter
* rodent control

25
Q

How can you control toxoplasmosis in sheep?

A
  • Vaccination three weeks before breeding season- long-term immunity
  • Anti-Protozoal medication throughout the pregnancy (not long-term)
26
Q

How can humans get toxoplasmosis?

A

Eating raw/ undercooked meat, contaminated fruit and vegetables, gardening

27
Q

What are the symptoms of toxoplasmosis in humans?

A
  • Body/ Muscle aches,
  • Fever, Nausea, Sore-throat
28
Q

What type of hosts are humans?

toxoplasmosis

A

dead-end hosts

29
Q

What changes in human behaviour are associated with toxoplasmosis?

A
  • Risk-taking
  • Schizophrenia
  • Epilepsy
  • Potentially Parkinsons, OCD, depression
30
Q

What is the likelihood that congenital human toxoplamsosis affects the fetus?

A

45% chance

31
Q

What can congenital human toxoplasmosis result in, in babies?

A

abortion, stillbirth, morphological/neurological conditions

32
Q

What protozoa is neosporum closely related to?

A

Closely related to T.gondii

33
Q

What are the definitive hosts of Neospora caninum?

A

Dogs, Foxes (coyotes and wolves)

34
Q

What are the intermediate hosts of neospora caninum?

A

Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Deer

35
Q

How may cattle obtain bovine neosporosis?

A

Cattle ingest oocysts from pasture/ feed/ water which is contaminated with dog faeces

36
Q

Where do bovine neosporosis sporozoites form?

A

They form in the small intestine, invade intestinal epithelium and then migrate around the body to the reticulo-endothelial system

37
Q

What do bovine neosporosis sporozoites form?

A

they form tachyzoites which multiply asexually, kill host cells and then inavde other cells

38
Q

Where are bovine neosporosis bradyzoites predominantly found?

A

predominantly in the nervous tissue

39
Q

What do bovine neosporosis tachyzoites infect if the cow is pregnant at the time of infection

A

tachyzoites infect the developing embryo
-if the cow becomes pregnant after infection then cyst can be activated

40
Q

What happens with bovine neosporosis in the first/ second trimester?

A

foetal immune system is poorly developed, foetus is reabsorbed or aborted

41
Q

What happens with bovine neosporosis in the third trimester?

A

foetal immune system is better developed so there are no harmful effects, although 80-85% of calves born to infected mothers are infected at birth
* ocassionally calves abort or atre born with neurological symptoms

42
Q

What is the epidemiology of bovine neosporosis?

A

Congenitally infected female calves may be retained as replacement heifers

43
Q

What is epidemic abortion of bovine neosporosis?

A

Large proportion of the herd aborting in a short period of time- abortion storm- due to sudden challenge with environmental oocysts

44
Q

What is endemic abortion?

A

Abortion rate increases >5% per year over a period of several years, requires a boost from infected dogs

45
Q

How is neosporosis detected?

A

Outbreaks diagnosed by pathological examination of aborted foetuses, foetal and maternal serology

46
Q

How can you control neosporosis in cattle?

A
  • Keep cattle food, water, hay and bedding away from dogs and foxes
  • High hygeine standards at calving, dispose of placental membranes and aborted/ dead calves
47
Q

How may you eliminate neospora from a herd?

A
  • Identify infected cattle
  • Select seronegative cattle for breeding
48
Q

What are the 5 species of Trichomanas?

A
  1. Tritchomonas foetus- causes bovine infertility
  2. Tritrichomonas suis- looks like T.foetus
  3. Trichomonas gallinae- wild birds
  4. Trichomonas hominis- relatively harmless
  5. Trichomonas vaginalis- human STI
49
Q

How is tririchomonas foetus spread?

A
  • Coitus
  • Gynaecological examination and artficial insemination
50
Q

Where is tririchomonas foetus usually found?

what area

A

Found in areas with small farms with their own bulls and limited access to veterinary services

51
Q

What are the clinical signs of tririchomonas foetus in bulls?

A
  • Preputial discharge
  • generally asymptomatic
  • inflammation, painful urination
52
Q

How does tririchomonas foetus in cows spread?

A
  • initially it causes vaginitis/ discharge then spreads to uterus
  • early embryonic death, foetus dies and is reabsorbed
53
Q

What is the pathogenicity of tririchomonas foetus?

A
  • The parsite does not penetrate underlying tissue
  • feeds on bacteria, WBC’s and sloughed off epithelial cells in the reproductive tract
54
Q

What induces the pathology of tririchomonas foetus?

A
  • Cell-detaching factors
  • Proteinases
  • Cytotoxic molecules
55
Q

How can you diagnose tririchomonas foetus?

A
  • Microscopic examination of vaginal or preputial smears, placental fluid etc..
  • PCR
  • Complement fixation
    *
56
Q

How may you treat tririchomonas foetus in cows?

A
  • Symptomatic treatment with antiprotozoal medications and sexual rest for 3 months
57
Q

How can you control tririchomonas foetus?

A
  • Artifical insemination
  • Commercially avaialable vaccines

VMS 2006 (25 decks)

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