Pathology of the Urinary System I

Question 1

What animals have unilobar kidneys?

Answer 1

Carnivores and horses

Question 2

What animals have multilobar kidneys?

Answer 2

Porcine and Bovine

Question 3

Name 4 animals species with reniculate kidneys?

Answer 3

• Bovines
• Bears
• Cetaceans
• Pinnipeds

Question 4

What is aplasia?

Answer 4

failure of the development (aorta never forms)

Question 5

What is hypoplasia?

Answer 5

incomplete development/ fewer nephrons at birth

Question 6

What is dysplasia?

Answer 6

altered structural organisation

Question 7

What is renal dysplasia?

Answer 7

• kidneys fail to differentiate effectively

• Fibrosis
• has immature renal tubules

Question 8

What is an ectopic kidney?

Answer 8

• Kidney misplaced from normal location because of abnormal migration during foetal development
• causes fused/ horsehoe kidneys

Question 9

What is a renal cyst?

Answer 9

• Spherical, thin-walled distensions of cortex/ medulla filled with clear fluid
• can be associated with renal dysplasia
• single/ multiple
• usually incidental

Question 10

What causes polycystic kidney disease

Answer 10

• autosomal dominant in persian cats and bull terriors
• Mutated gene- altered function of related proteins

Question 11

What is the active circulatory disturbance

Answer 11

• acute nephritis, septicaemia, and toxaemias

HYPERAEMIA

Question 12

What is the inactive circulatory disturbance?

Answer 12

physiologic, passive, hypovolaemic, shock, cardiac insufficiency, hypostatic

CONGESTION

Question 13

What cause haemorrhages in the kidney?

Answer 13

bacteraemias and viraemias

Question 14

What is renal infarction?

Answer 14

Local ischaemia of vascular occlusion usually due to thromboembolism

Question 15

What necrosis occurs when smaller vessels are occluded?

Answer 15

Only cortex necrosis

Question 16

What necrosis occurs when interlobar/arcuate are occluded?

Answer 16

Triangular wedge shaped cortex and medulla

Question 17

What necrosis occurs when renal arteries are occluded?

Answer 17

Entire kidney

Question 18

What is cortical necrosis?

Answer 18

• Manifestation of hypoperfusion or shock
• destruction of both tubules and glomeruli
• destruction of balance between renin-angiotensin and eicosanoid systems during ischaemia

can cause acute renal failure if severe

Question 19

When does medullary/papillary necrosis occur?

Answer 19

• When ischaemia is above 2 hours
• causes dehydration and obstruction

Question 20

What are NSAIDS?

Answer 20

• Directly toxic to medullary interstitial cells
• NSAIDs inhibit COX → ↓PGE2 and loss of vasodilator effect → ↓blood flow
  ❖Dehydrated horses treated with phenylbutazone at normal doses
  ❖Excessive NSAIDs dosage

Question 21

What is hydronephrosis

Answer 21

• Renal pelvis atrophy
• Cystic enlargement of the kidney
• caused by urinary obstruction

aka build up of urine in the kidney

Question 22

What is hydronephrosis usually accompanied with?

Answer 22

• distension of urinary bladder, distension of urethra

Question 23

What is glomerulitis?

Answer 23

Inflammation restricted to the glomeruli

Question 24

What is glomerulonephritis?

Answer 24

glomerular inflammation + secondary tubulointerstitial and vascular changes

Question 25

What is a glomerulopathy?

Answer 25

glomerular disease without inflammation or with uncertain etiology or pathogenesis

Question 26

What is acute suppurative embolic glomerulitis?

Answer 26

A bacteraemia * microabsesses in the cortex- often induced directly by the agent

Question 27

What mechanism commonly causes glomerulonephritis?

Answer 27

Immune-Mediated mechanism * Deposition of ICGN- most common * formation of antibodies against antigens within the basement membrane

Question 28

What is glomerulosclerosis?

Answer 28

Scarring of the glomerulus, causes a loss of protein in the urine | loss of glomerular capillaries

Question 29

What is Periglomerular fibrosis?

Answer 29

* Consequence of Glomerulosclerosis (Chronic Glomerulonephritis) * End-stage glomeruli

Question 30

What is glomerular amyloidosis?

Answer 30

* Deposition of insoluble fibrillar protein * Chronic inflammation * Neoplasia * Idiopathic

Question 31

What is the effect of phenylbutazone on horses?

Answer 31

* may cause papillary necrosis * loss of vasodilation effect and therefore loss of blood flow

Question 32

What species is glomerular amyloidosis common in?

Answer 32

Hereditary in Abyssinian cats and shar-pei

Question 33

What is the structure of the cortex?

Answer 33

lots of glomeruli, lots of circular profiles of tubules and vessels

Question 34

What is the structure of the corticomedullary junction?

Answer 34

few glomeruli, straighter tubules, cross sections of large vessels