Crime - Crime Prevention Strategies

Question 1

What do Right Realists argue is necessary to reduce crime?

Answer 1

Be ‘tough on crime’ and punish people harshly

This includes measures such as longer prison sentences.

Question 2

What do Left Realists believe is essential for crime prevention?

Answer 2

Tackling social inequalities

This includes providing more job opportunities and better housing.

Question 3

What is situational crime prevention based on?

Answer 3

Rational choice theory

This theory suggests that people weigh the risks of getting caught before committing a crime.

Question 4

What is the primary aim of target hardening strategies?

Answer 4

Reduce the opportunity to commit crime

Examples include anti-climb paint and car steering wheel locks.

Question 5

What is designing-out crime?

Answer 5

Reducing the opportunity for crimes to be committed and increasing the risk of being caught

This approach includes initiatives like Secured by Design.

Question 6

What is an example of a situational crime prevention strategy?

Answer 6

Secured by Design

A national police initiative that collaborates with developers to design out crime.

Question 7

How did the redesign of the Port Authority Bus Terminal in NYC aim to reduce crime?

Answer 7

Improved lighting and added toilet attendants

This was done to eliminate dark corners and deter drug dealing.

Question 8

What is a criticism of situational crime prevention?

Answer 8

It can result in displacement of crime

Criminals may simply move to areas without surveillance.

Question 9

True or False: Situational crime prevention assumes that all criminals are rational.

Answer 9

True

This assumption overlooks crimes of passion and impulsive acts.

Question 10

Fill in the blank: Situational crime prevention assumes that criminals are _______.

Answer 10

rational

Question 11

What is a key focus of Left Realists in preventing crime?

Answer 11

Repairing relationships between police and local communities

This is seen as a means to prevent crime.

Question 12

What theory does environmental crime prevention strategies develop from?

Answer 12

The ‘broken windows’ theory

This theory suggests that visible signs of disorder and neglect cause more crime.

Question 13

What happens if a broken window remains unfixed according to the broken windows theory?

Answer 13

All of the windows will be broken and crime will take hold

Question 14

What is an example of an environmental crime prevention strategy?

Answer 14

Zero Tolerance policing to anti-social behaviour

This involves immediate police action against signs of disorder.

Question 15

What actions are taken under Zero Tolerance policing?

Answer 15

Clamp down on any signs of disorder such as:
* Get drunks off the street
* Arrest anyone caught vandalising property
* Move on beggars

Question 16

What is a criticism of broken windows and zero tolerance policing?

Answer 16

It leads to selective policing targeting specific demographics

Question 17

Which demographic is often stereotyped as criminals in selective policing?

Answer 17

Black, young, working-class, deprived backgrounds

Question 18

What was a consequence of zero tolerance policing in Baltimore?

Answer 18

Black people were being constantly arrested for petty crimes

Question 19

What types of petty crimes did black people get arrested for under zero tolerance in Baltimore?

Answer 19

Spitting and drinking beer on the street

Question 20

What potential effect does Zero Tolerance policing have on targeted individuals?

Answer 20

It could lead to more crimes being committed by those regularly targeted

Question 21

What might targeted individuals form as a result of constant police scrutiny?

Answer 21

Deviant subcultures to express shared frustration

Question 22

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy related to Zero Tolerance policing?

Answer 22

Believing they are only good for crime due to constant treatment as criminals

Question 23

What do Left Realists argue is necessary to reduce crime?

Answer 23

Tackle the root causes of crime such as educational underachievement and poverty

Left Realists emphasize working with communities and identifying at-risk groups for early intervention.

Question 24

Who are the groups most at risk of offending according to Left Realists?

Answer 24

People on low incomes, in poor housing, living in deprived council estates with poor parental supervision

These groups are identified for targeted interventions to prevent crime.

Question 25

What type of intervention do Left Realists advocate for at-risk individuals?

Answer 25

Skills training for jobs and educating parents on discipline ## Footnote Additionally, providing free nursery places is suggested.

Question 26

What is the purpose of Sure Start Programmes?

Answer 26

To reduce cultural and material deprivation for children under the age of 4 in low-income areas ## Footnote Sure Start provides support with reading, learning through play, and parenting sessions.

Question 27

What does Sure Start aim to encourage to prevent social exclusion?

Answer 27

Better parenting practices ## Footnote This is intended to ensure children do not grow up without educational qualifications or job prospects.

Question 28

What criticism do Right Realists have regarding programmes like Sure Start?

Answer 28

'Too soft' on underclass parents ## Footnote They argue for stricter policies and harsher penalties for parents who fail to discipline their children.

Question 29

What do Left Realists suggest for improving police-community relationships?

Answer 29

The police need to listen to and act upon public concerns ## Footnote This includes increasing trust between the public and police and involving communities in policing.

Question 30

What role should communities play in local policing according to Left Realists?

Answer 30

Take responsibility for policing the streets ## Footnote Initiatives like the Neighbourhood Watch scheme are encouraged.

Question 31

What is the Right Realist critique of improving policing?

Answer 31

Building relationships with the police will not prevent crime ## Footnote Right Realists believe crime is a rational choice and advocate for making crime harder to commit.

Question 32

What strategies do Right Realists propose to prevent crime?

Answer 32

Use of CCTV, anti-climb paint, burglar alarms, and more police patrols ## Footnote They emphasize immediate arrest of offenders through zero tolerance.

Question 33

What is surveillance?

Answer 33

The monitoring of the public's behaviour to prevent or investigate crime. ## Footnote Surveillance can take many forms, including CCTV, tracking movements, and monitoring online activity.

Question 34

Who argued that surveillance is an effective means of crime prevention?

Answer 34

Foucault. ## Footnote Foucault viewed surveillance as a form of disciplinary power that controls behaviour.

Question 35

What is the effect of surveillance on individual behaviour according to Foucault?

Answer 35

It leads to self-discipline as individuals know they could be monitored at any time. ## Footnote This awareness reduces the likelihood of committing crimes.

Question 36

What does the Investigatory Powers Act (2016) allow the government to do?

Answer 36

The government can monitor internet activities and require providers to keep records of search history for one year. ## Footnote This act is often referred to as the 'Snoopers Charter'.

Question 37

What is 'liquid surveillance'?

Answer 37

Surveillance that flows into all parts of our lives. ## Footnote This includes the use of mobile phones with tracking capabilities.

Question 38

What are some criticisms of CCTV effectiveness in crime prevention?

Answer 38

* Questionable effectiveness in deterring crime * May lead to crime displacement * Extension of the male gaze according to feminists * Massive invasion of privacy. ## Footnote Critics argue that CCTV does not significantly reduce crime rates.

Question 39

Fill in the blank: The government claims that monitoring internet activities is to keep the public safe from _______.

Answer 39

dangerous criminals and terrorists.

Question 40

True or False: Most people are deeply concerned about surveillance in their daily lives.

Answer 40

False. ## Footnote Many individuals view surveillance as a normal part of life.

Question 41

What are some forms of surveillance mentioned in the text?

Answer 41

* CCTV * Tracking people's movements * Monitoring online activity ## Footnote These forms contribute to the overall surveillance culture.

Question 42

How do mobile phones contribute to surveillance?

Answer 42

They have in-built tracking devices and can be used to monitor calls, texts, photos, and movements. ## Footnote This tracking capability is often overlooked by users.

Question 43

What is the main form of punishment in the UK?

Answer 43

Poison ## Footnote This appears to be a typographical error in the provided text. The intended main form of punishment is likely incarceration.

Question 44

What is incarceration?

Answer 44

Putting criminals behind bars; removing offenders from society.

Question 45

What does incarceration signify for criminals?

Answer 45

Loss of freedom; cut off from friends and family; must follow prison rules.

Question 46

What is the primary purpose of incarceration?

Answer 46

To keep the public safe from dangerous criminals.

Question 47

How does incarceration act as a deterrent?

Answer 47

No one wants to go to prison, thus preventing more crimes.

Question 48

List the four main functions of punishment.

Answer 48

* Incarceration * Deterrence * Retribution * Rehabilitate

Question 49

What is the purpose of deterrence in punishment?

Answer 49

To act as a warning to offenders and the public.

Question 50

What is retribution in the context of punishment?

Answer 50

The idea that offenders deserve to be punished for breaking the law.

Question 51

What is the goal of rehabilitation in the context of punishment?

Answer 51

To change the behaviour of offenders to prevent re-offending.

Question 52

Give examples of rehabilitation methods.

Answer 52

* Education and training * Counselling * Group therapy

Question 53

True or False: Incarceration allows offenders to do what they want.

Answer 53

False