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AQA A-level Sociology > Crime - Ethnicity > Flashcards

Crime - Ethnicity Flashcards

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1
Q

What percentage of the UK population do ethnic minority groups represent?

A

14%

Ethnic minority groups are over-represented in the criminal justice system.

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2
Q

What percentage of the prison population in England and Wales is made up of ethnic minority groups?

A

27%

This indicates a significant over-representation compared to their population size.

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3
Q

What percentage of the total UK population do Black people represent?

A

3%

However, they make up a much larger percentage of the prison population.

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4
Q

What percentage of the prison population do Black people constitute?

A

13%

This highlights racial disparities in incarceration rates.

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5
Q

What percentage of the UK population do Asians represent?

A

6.5%

Their representation in the prison population is slightly higher.

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6
Q

What percentage of the prison population do Asians make up?

A

7%

This indicates a minor over-representation.

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7
Q

How much more likely are Black people to be arrested compared to White people?

A

Over 3 times

This statistic reflects racial disparities in arrest rates.

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8
Q

What is the stop and search rate for Black people compared to White people?

A

8 times more likely

This statistic is indicative of systemic racial profiling.

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9
Q

During the UK lockdown, how much more likely were Black people to be stopped and searched compared to White people?

A

10 times more likely

This highlights increased racial profiling during heightened enforcement periods.

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10
Q

What do official statistics suggest about ethnic minority groups and crime?

A

They are more likely to commit crimes compared to the white majority

This raises questions about the impact of systemic racism.

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11
Q

What are the two viewpoints on ethnicity and criminality?

A
  • Ethnic minority groups ARE more likely to commit crimes than the White majority
  • Ethnic minority groups are NOT more criminal - they are victims of police stereotyping & institutional racism

These viewpoints reflect different interpretations of crime statistics.

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12
Q

According to Right Realism, what factor contributes to young Black males being more likely involved in crime?

A

Inadequate socialisation by single parent families

This perspective emphasizes family structure as a contributing factor.

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13
Q

What role models might young Black males turn to if they lack male role models at home?

A

Criminal role models, e.g. gang leaders

This indicates a potential cycle of crime influenced by social environment.

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14
Q

What do young Black males gain by committing criminal acts in gangs?

A
  • Money
  • Status

This points to the allure of material success through illegal means.

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15
Q

Why might Black boys raised by single mothers not aspire to the instrumental role in society?

A

They may turn to crime to achieve material success

This reflects a disconnect from societal norms and values.

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16
Q

What are bigger driving factors in young black males joining violent gangs?

A

Material deprivation and poverty

These factors often lead to financial motivations rather than seeking male role models.

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17
Q

Why do black teenagers living in single parent families often join gangs?

A

To support their struggling Mums for financial reasons

The absence of male role models is typically not the primary motivation.

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18
Q

According to Left Realism, what leads to higher crime rates among some ethnic minority groups?

A

Marginalisation and relative deprivation

Racism contributes to economic exclusion and higher unemployment rates.

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19
Q

What is the unemployment rate of black males aged 16-24 years old in the UK?

A

Over half are unemployed

This statistic highlights the economic challenges faced by this group.

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20
Q

Where do many Pakistanis and Bangladeshis live?

A

Deprived, inner-city council estates

These areas often lack opportunities for economic advancement.

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21
Q

What is the result of living in a media-saturated society for Pakistanis and Bangladeshis?

A

Cultural inclusion and desire for material goods

However, they face economic exclusion due to social inequalities.

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22
Q

What type of crimes do marginalised ethnic minorities often commit to achieve economic success?

A

Utilitarian crimes, such as theft and robbery

These crimes are motivated by the need for financial stability.

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23
Q

What does marginalisation mean for some ethnic minority groups?

A

End up on the edges of society with no access to rights and services

This can lead to frustration and criminal behavior.

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24
Q

What type of crimes might unemployed, deprived ethnic minority groups commit out of frustration?

A

Non-utilitarian crimes like riots and violence

Such actions are often expressions of anger against their situation.

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25
How do knife crimes relate to unemployed, poor, ethnic minority youths?
A means of expressing frustration at being marginalised ## Footnote Two thirds of knife offenders in London are from these demographics.
26
What role do knives play for ethnic minority youths in urban areas?
A way of standing up for themselves and part of their street identity ## Footnote Carrying knives is sometimes seen as a necessity in their environment.
27
What has police action aimed at reducing crimes among ethnic minority groups potentially caused?
Increased crime rates due to deviancy amplification ## Footnote This refers to youths responding to unjust police actions with gang violence.
28
What does Merton's strain theory suggest about youths from Pakistani and black backgrounds?
They experience a 'strain to anomie' ## Footnote This occurs due to obstacles in achieving societal goals legitimately.
29
What do youths experiencing strain to anomie often turn to in order to achieve success?
Innovate by turning to crimes like drug dealing and robbery ## Footnote This is seen as a means to achieve the financial success they desire.
30
What is the likely experience of Asians, particularly Pakistani and Bangladeshi, in British society?
They will likely experience a 'strain to anomie' due to being among the poorest groups in British society. ## Footnote 'Strain to anomie' refers to a breakdown of social norms and values due to economic hardship.
31
What is the relationship between Asian cultures and crime rates?
Asian cultures offer a much clearer cultural identity, resulting in generally lower crime rates and stronger controls within families and communities. ## Footnote Strong family and community ties can limit opportunities for crime.
32
What is 'status frustration' according to Functionalist subcultural theory?
It is the feeling of annoyance experienced by some ethnic minority groups who cannot achieve societal goals legitimately due to lack of qualifications or job opportunities. ## Footnote This concept was developed by sociologist Albert Cohen.
33
What behaviors might individuals in a deviant subculture engage in to gain respect?
They may engage in risk-taking behaviors such as stealing cars, vandalism, and anti-social behavior. ## Footnote These behaviors often provide social status within the subculture.
34
What recent crime wave have young black males in London been involved in?
A moped crime wave involving snatching phones or bags from pedestrians. ## Footnote Gangs use mopeds to easily access and escape from crime scenes.
35
How do young black males gain street capital?
By committing crimes such as stealing mobile phones and building up their reputation within gangs. ## Footnote Street capital refers to the social value and respect gained through criminal activities.
36
What locality factor affects crime rates among some ethnic minority groups?
Black youths typically live in inner-city, deprived council estates where crime rates are highest. ## Footnote This geographical factor can lead to higher likelihood of joining criminal gangs.
37
What complicates the understanding of crime differences between ethnic groups?
It is difficult to know whether differences are due to ethnic identity or due to differences in age, social class, and locality. ## Footnote Socioeconomic factors play a significant role in crime rates.
38
What demographic trends are observed in ethnic minority groups compared to white people?
Ethnic minority groups tend to have higher numbers of young people, those suffering from social and economic deprivation, and are more likely to live in deprived areas. ## Footnote These factors contribute to higher crime rates.
39
Are ethnic minority groups more criminal?
No, they are victims of police stereotyping and institutional racism.
40
What do Left Realists argue about ethnic minority groups and policing?
They argue that many ethnic minority groups, particularly the black community, experience military-style policing and are over-policed.
41
How much more likely are black people to be stopped and searched compared to white people?
Black people are 8 times more likely to be stopped and searched.
42
What is deviancy amplification?
It is when young black males engage in more deviance in response to unjust, heavy policing.
43
What event exemplified clashes between the police and black communities?
The 2011 London riots.
44
What triggered the 2011 London riots?
The police shooting and killing of Mark Duggan.
45
What was the age of Mark Duggan at the time of his death?
29 years old.
46
What government strategy in 2019 angered black communities?
The use of fried chicken boxes to warn about knife crime.
47
What does the labeling theorist Cicourel argue about police targeting?
The police target people from black and Asian backgrounds as they fit the 'typical delinquent' stereotype.
48
How did police stereotyping manifest during the UK coronavirus lockdown?
Black and Asians were twice as likely to be fined under coronavirus rules compared to white people.
49
What happened to a black woman fined during the lockdown?
Her fine was overturned when it was revealed the police did not have the power to prevent public transport journeys.
50
Why are crime rates higher for black and Asian offenders?
Because they match police stereotypes, not because they are more criminal.
51
Fill in the blank: The police regularly stop and search people on the street due to _______.
poor community relations.
52
True or False: The high crime rates among ethnic minorities are solely due to their criminality.
False.
53
What do Marxists blame for police stereotyping and labelling?
Capitalism ## Footnote Marxists argue that the police support the interests of the ruling class and control the working class.
54
How are ethnic minority groups affected by new coronavirus rules?
More likely to be fined ## Footnote Many ethnic minorities come from working class backgrounds.
55
What is the role of the police in capitalist society according to Marxists?
To support the ruling class and control the working class
56
What do Phillips and Bowling argue about policing towards ethnic minority groups?
It is oppressive ## Footnote Police take advantage of their ability to stop and search based on reasonable suspicion.
57
What is the rate of stop and searches for black people per 1000?
38 stop and searches ## Footnote Compared to 11 for every 1000 Asians and 4 for every 1000 white people.
58
What do Waddington et al argue about stop and search statistics?
They reflect the 'available population' ## Footnote Not unfair policing of ethnic minority groups.
59
What is meant by 'institutional racism'?
Discrimination at an organisational level ## Footnote Can be intentional or unintentional, leading to greater suspicion or lack of support for certain groups.
60
What incident reflects the misuse of stop and search during the coronavirus pandemic?
A black man delivering food was handcuffed ## Footnote He was threatened with pepper spray while helping a vulnerable family member.
61
Who was Stephen Lawrence?
A black teenager murdered in 1993 ## Footnote He was killed by a group of white thugs for being black.
62
What did the police do wrong in the Stephen Lawrence case?
Mishandled evidence and assumptions about gang involvement ## Footnote Key evidence was destroyed, and leads were not followed up.
63
What did the two senior police officers do upon arriving at the crime scene of Stephen Lawrence's murder?
Went to the pub first
64
What did the Macpherson Report conclude about the police's handling of Stephen Lawrence's case?
The police were institutionally racist in their handling of the case ## Footnote This report highlighted a collective failure of the police and the criminal justice system to investigate Stephen's murder properly due to his ethnicity.
65
What is institutional racism as described in the context of the police?
A largely subconscious bias where the police culture tends to label some ethnic minorities as less serious ## Footnote This affects the way police interact with different communities, particularly the black community.
66
Define 'canteen culture' in relation to the police.
Discriminatory attitudes held by some police officers ## Footnote This culture influences the treatment of ethnic minorities, such as the criminalization of black drill artists.
67
What recent survey finding indicates perceptions of racial bias in the UK police?
Two-thirds of ethnic minority groups feel the UK police are racially biased against them ## Footnote This survey was conducted in August 2020.
68
What incident exemplified police brutality and sparked worldwide protests?
The murder of George Floyd ## Footnote A white police officer knelt on his neck for almost 8 minutes while he was handcuffed.
69
True or False: Neo-Marxists believe that the high crime rate for black offenders reflects police stereotypes and bias.
True ## Footnote This perspective is supported by the work of Neo-Marxists like Gilroy and Hall.
70
What does Gilroy argue about black criminality?
It is a myth created by racist stereotypes of African Caribbeans ## Footnote He asserts that black people are no more criminal than others.
71
According to Gilroy, what is black crime a form of?
Symbolic resistance against white society ## Footnote He views it as a political act against white oppressors.
72
Fill in the blank: Gilroy argues that black crime is often _______.
intraracial ## Footnote This refers to violence occurring within the black community, such as gang-on-gang violence.
73
What challenge does Gilroy face in his interpretation of black crime?
He imposes his own interpretation of black crime as a political act against oppressors ## Footnote This view can be contested given the nature of intraracial violence.
74
What is the impact of police stereotypes on black individuals according to Neo-Marxist theory?
They criminalize black individuals ## Footnote This reflects a broader issue of bias within the criminal justice system.
75
What economic and political issues did the UK face in the 1970s?
Unemployment and homelessness
76
What does 'crisis of hegemony' refer to?
Dominance and acceptance of ruling class ideas by the rest of society
77
Who was chosen as a scapegoat during the crisis in the 1970s?
The 'black mugger'
78
How did the media contribute to the perception of crime in the 1970s?
By exaggerating the number of muggings
79
What term describes the public's reaction to the perceived threat of black crime?
Moral panic
80
What policing measures were justified by the moral panic?
More aggressive and repressive policing, e.g., more stop and searches
81
What was the impact of the moral panic on the black community?
Growing distrust, hostility, and resistance to the police
82
Were black males in the 1970s actually more criminal than other ethnic groups?
No, they were arrested more due to police targeting
83
What do high crime rates among black males reflect?
Police stereotyping and bias
84
What ongoing issue exists between the police and the black community today?
Negative stereotyping and conflict
85
How much more likely are black people to be stopped and searched compared to other ethnic groups in the UK?
8 times more likely
86
What does intersectionality refer to in the context of ethnic minority experiences?
Awareness of other social factors that affect experiences
87
How are black women treated in comparison to white women in terms of arrest rates?
Black women are more than twice as likely to be arrested
88
What stereotype is associated with assertive black women?
They are seen as aggressive
89
Fill in the blank: The state looked for a _______ to blame for society's problems.
scapegoat
90
True or False: The moral panic helped the state to maintain its hegemony.
True
91
Who are more likely to be victims of assault and murder compared to other ethnic groups?
Black youths ## Footnote High numbers of black youths live in areas with established gang culture, leading to increased vulnerability to gang-related violence.
92
What type of violence may South Asian women, such as Bangladeshi and Pakistani, become victims of?
Honour killings ## Footnote Honour killings occur in some Muslim communities when a woman is perceived to bring shame to her family.
93
Give an example of a situation that could lead to an honour killing.
A Pakistani Muslim girl falling in love with another boy ## Footnote She may be seen as dishonouring her family if promised to marry someone else.
94
What racial abuse occurred against Chinese people during the coronavirus pandemic?
Victims were spat at, punched, and verbally abused ## Footnote Some people blamed the Chinese for spreading the virus.
95
What was the name of the black teenager murdered by racist thugs?
Stephen Lawrence ## Footnote He was stabbed to death simply because he was black.
96
What concept do Neo-Marxists argue regarding the perception of victims?
The idea of the 'ideal victim' ## Footnote This refers to how state agents determine who is seen as a victim.
97
Who is considered the 'ideal victim' according to Neo-Marxists?
A white, old woman ## Footnote This ideal contrasts with victims of color or those from marginalized groups.
98
What was a critical issue in the investigation of Stephen Lawrence's murder?
The police failed to follow-up leads and destroyed vital evidence ## Footnote Additionally, senior detectives went to a pub instead of the crime scene.
99
What assumption did the police make about Stephen Lawrence's murder?
That he was in a gang and that the murder was gang-related ## Footnote This assumption led to a lack of proper investigation.
100
How was Stephen Lawrence's friend treated during the investigation?
As a suspect ## Footnote This highlights the institutional racism within the police force.
101
True or False: The police were found to be institutionally racist in the case of Stephen Lawrence.
True ## Footnote This finding was a significant outcome of the investigation into his murder.

AQA A-level Sociology (24 decks)

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