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AQA A-level Sociology > Crime - Gender > Flashcards

Crime - Gender Flashcards

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1
Q

What percentage of arrests are of males?

A

85%

Indicates that the majority of arrests involve men.

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2
Q

What percentage of the prison population in England and Wales is made up of men?

A

95%

Highlights the gender disparity in incarceration rates.

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3
Q

What types of crimes are men more likely to commit?

A
  • Violent crimes
  • Sexual assaults
  • Property offences (e.g., criminal damage, arson, robbery)

Men commit 90% of murders.

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4
Q

What types of offences are women more likely to commit?

A
  • Non-violent offences
  • Shoplifting
  • T.V. license evasion

Reflects the difference in crime types between genders.

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5
Q

What is the percentage of people arrested that are women?

A

15%

Indicates the low arrest rate for females.

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6
Q

What theory explains women’s low crime rates due to social roles?

A

Sex-role theory

Suggests that women are socialized into non-aggressive traits.

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7
Q

What do functionalists and the New Right argue regarding women’s roles?

A

Women take on the expressive role in the family

This role involves caring for others and domestic responsibilities.

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8
Q

What responsibilities do women have that may limit their involvement in crime?

A
  • Caring for partners
  • Caring for children
  • Caring for elderly relatives
  • Domestic responsibilities (e.g., cooking, cleaning)

These responsibilities may deter women from risk-taking behaviors associated with crime.

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9
Q

What traits are girls socialized into according to sex-role theory?

A
  • Emotional
  • Kind
  • Conformist

These traits contribute to a more passive role, leading to less criminal behavior.

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10
Q

Who introduced control theory in the context of women’s crime rates?

A

Heidensohn

Control theory highlights how societal controls limit women’s opportunities to commit crime.

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11
Q

What is a significant factor in the private sphere that limits women’s crime opportunities?

A

Patriarchal control

This includes responsibilities for housework and childcare.

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12
Q

How does parental control affect girls’ opportunities to commit crime?

A
  • Strict curfews
  • Monitoring through tracking apps

These controls result in fewer opportunities for girls to engage in criminal activities.

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13
Q

What is the dual burden faced by women?

A

Paid work and domestic work

This concept reflects the additional responsibilities women handle.

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14
Q

What is the triple shift that women face?

A
  • Paid work
  • Domestic work
  • Emotion work

This concept suggests that women have multiple roles that limit their free time.

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15
Q

What societal fear limits women’s involvement in crime outside the home?

A

Fear of being a victim of sexual violence

This fear discourages women from going out alone at night.

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16
Q

What is the glass ceiling?

A

An invisible barrier to leadership positions in the workplace

This barrier limits women’s opportunities for committing white-collar crimes.

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17
Q

What is the concept of ‘bedroom culture’ as it relates to girls?

A

Girls’ social lives tend to revolve around their bedrooms, engaging in activities like chatting online and sleepovers.

This indicates that girls socialize more in private spaces, reducing opportunities for criminal behavior.

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18
Q

How do girls’ socialization patterns differ from boys’?

A

Girls tend to socialize in the private sphere (at home), while boys are more likely to socialize in the public sphere (outside of the home).

This difference contributes to the likelihood of committing crime.

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19
Q

What do feminists argue about women’s likelihood to offend?

A

Women are less likely to offend due to fear of social disapproval and societal expectations of feminine behavior.

Women risk being stigmatized or shamed for committing criminal acts.

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20
Q

What is the perspective of Marxist Feminist Carlen on women offenders?

A

Women offenders are seen as double deviants for breaking the law and violating feminine expectations of behavior.

For example, a woman convicted of fraud is viewed as both a criminal and unfeminine.

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21
Q

What are some societal double standards regarding young women’s behavior?

A

Young women who have one-night stands are labeled negatively, while young men are encouraged in similar behavior.

Women who drink are judged more harshly than men, who view heavy drinking as a ‘badge of honour.’

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22
Q

What factors may lead to the underestimation of female crime in official statistics?

A

Female crimes are less likely to be reported, targeted by police, or prosecuted.

This is influenced by gender stereotypes and the perception that women are kind and vulnerable.

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23
Q

What do labeling theorists suggest about women’s criminal behavior?

A

Women’s actions are less likely to be defined and labeled as criminal due to societal gender expectations.

This results in women being less observed and caught for criminal behavior.

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24
Q

What types of crimes are typically committed by women that may go unreported?

A

Crimes such as shoplifting are less likely to be reported to the police and are often handled internally by store security.

This contributes to the lack of representation of female crimes in official statistics.

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25
What is the chivalry thesis?
The idea that women are treated more leniently by the criminal justice system due to a duty felt by males to protect them.
26
How does the chivalry thesis reflect patriarchal ideas?
It suggests that women are unlikely or unable to commit crimes, leading to lenient treatment by the police and courts.
27
What is a common stereotype that affects female offenders?
Women are seen as innocent and vulnerable.
28
What is an example of leniency shown to female offenders?
A woman caught speeding may be let off because her femininity is viewed as a reason for her actions.
29
What factors influence the sentencing of female offenders?
Family life, such as being pregnant or having children.
30
What happened in the July 2019 court case in Liverpool?
Three single mums walked free from court due to the negative impact prison would have on their children.
31
What were the charges against the women in the Liverpool case?
They shouted homophobic insults at a man and one swung a hammer at him.
32
What justification did the judge give for the suspended sentences?
Jail time would cause 'significant harm' to their children.
33
What is a criticism of the chivalry thesis?
The criminal justice system can be biased against women who do not conform to gender stereotypes.
34
Who is Carlen and what is her view on female offenders?
A Marxist Feminist who argues that female offenders are double deviants.
35
What does Carlen mean by 'double deviants'?
They have broken the law and violated feminine expectations of behavior.
36
How are women who commit serious offenses perceived?
They are labeled as 'evil women' for violating traditional gender roles.
37
Is the leniency shown to women in the criminal justice system due to chivalry?
No, it may be because they commit less serious offenses than males.
38
What has contributed to the increase in crimes committed by women in recent years?
Women's liberation and changing gender roles ## Footnote Feminists like Adler point to these factors as reasons for the rise in female crime.
39
What does the liberation thesis suggest about women's crime?
Women's liberation has led to more opportunities to commit crime ## Footnote According to feminist Adler, greater independence allows women to commit crimes.
40
What is a critique of the liberation thesis regarding working-class women?
It does not explain the crimes of working-class women ## Footnote Most female offenders come from poor backgrounds and commit crimes like shoplifting.
41
What types of crimes do working-class women typically commit?
Street crimes like shoplifting and prostitution ## Footnote These are often to fund drug addictions.
42
What has led to more women becoming successful in education and employment?
Greater independence and financial control ## Footnote Women are becoming more successful than men in various professional fields.
43
What type of crime did a young woman commit in July 2019?
Theft and fraud ## Footnote She stole £250k from her employer while working as an accountant.
44
What do Marxist Feminists argue about working-class women and crime?
They have not benefitted from women's liberation due to lack of cultural capital ## Footnote Many underachieve at school and live in poverty.
45
What is the ladette culture?
Young women engaging in traditionally male behaviors like binge drinking ## Footnote Denscombe argues this reflects changing gender roles.
46
How does ladette culture challenge traditional gender stereotypes?
It shows women acting in ways associated with men ## Footnote This includes behaviors like swearing and fighting.
47
What is a critique of ladette culture regarding societal judgment?
Women are judged more harshly than men for binge drinking ## Footnote There is a double standard in societal expectations.
48
Fill in the blank: Young women are spending more leisure time outside, in places like _______.
bars and nightclubs
49
What challenges do women face regarding safety while drinking in public?
They have to be careful not to drink too much ## Footnote Concerns for their safety persist despite changes in gender roles.
50
Who do Marxist Feminists blame for female crime?
Patriarchy and capitalism ## Footnote Marxist Feminists argue that these systems create conditions that force women into crime.
51
Why are working class women more likely to commit crime?
Due to poverty ## Footnote Working class women face economic hardship, often leading them to commit crimes like shoplifting.
52
What demographic factors contribute to women's higher risk of poverty?
* Single parenthood * High separation and divorce rates * Low-paid, part-time jobs ## Footnote These factors are exacerbated by austerity cuts and reliance on benefits.
53
What impact did austerity cuts have on women and children?
Pushed thousands into poverty, increasing reliance on food banks ## Footnote Austerity measures disproportionately affected vulnerable populations.
54
What is the 'culture of envy' in traditional Marxist theory?
A result of criminogenic capitalism where the working class cannot afford consumer goods ## Footnote This leads to utilitarian crimes like theft and shoplifting.
55
What does Carlen mean by the 'class deal'?
Material rewards from paid employment ## Footnote This includes the ability to buy consumer goods and enjoy a certain lifestyle.
56
What is the 'gender deal' according to Carlen?
Rewards from fulfilling the mother-housewife role ## Footnote This involves receiving emotional and material support from a male partner.
57
Why might some women choose to commit crimes according to Carlen?
They do not receive the class or gender deal rewards ## Footnote Factors include poverty, unemployment, and abusive relationships.
58
What are some potential benefits women seek by committing crimes?
* Money * Food * Consumer goods ## Footnote These benefits may outweigh the perceived costs of being caught.
59
Fill in the blank: Marxist feminists argue that working class women are forced into crime due to _______.
poverty
60
True or False: All women have the same access to the rewards of the class deal and gender deal.
False ## Footnote Many women face barriers such as poverty and abuse that prevent them from accessing these rewards.
61
What are males more likely to be compared to females in terms of crime?
Repeat offenders, have longer criminal careers, commit more serious crimes ## Footnote Serious crimes include murder and sexual assault.
62
According to sex-role theory, why are men more likely to offend?
They take on the instrumental role in the family and are socialised into aggressive traits ## Footnote Functionalists and the New Right support this view.
63
What opportunity does traditional male role provide in terms of crime?
Opportunity to commit white-collar crimes ## Footnote Example: stealing from their employer.
64
What type of crimes can social pressure to provide for the family lead to?
Property crimes ## Footnote Example: robbery when legitimate earning opportunities are lacking.
65
What masculine traits are boys socialised into that can lead to criminal behavior?
Being tough, aggressive, risk-taking, competitive ## Footnote These traits are often reinforced through play and social interactions.
66
What is hegemonic masculinity?
The idea that a 'real man' is dominant, tough, aggressive, a risk-taker, and misogynistic ## Footnote This concept is key to understanding male criminality according to Messerschmidt.
67
What may happen to men who cannot assert their hegemonic masculinity in socially approved ways?
They may commit criminal or violent behavior ## Footnote This serves as an expression of their masculinity.
68
How might a husband who earns less than his wife assert his power?
Use threats or actual violence against his wife ## Footnote This reflects a struggle for dominance in the relationship.
69
Why are working class males more likely to commit crimes?
They are more likely to take a hegemonic view of masculinity and find legitimate means blocked ## Footnote This contributes to high crime rates in this demographic.
70
What do feminists argue about hegemonic masculinity?
It is toxic and justifies violence against girls ## Footnote This perspective highlights the societal implications of masculinity norms.
71
What percentage of 13-21 year old females have experienced some form of sexual harassment in school or college?
59% ## Footnote This statistic underscores the prevalence of sexual harassment as a part of hegemonic masculinity.
72
What economic change has led to a decline in manufacturing jobs in the UK?
Globalisation ## Footnote Globalisation has made it cheaper to import goods from other countries.
73
What types of jobs have declined due to changes in the economy?
Traditional manual jobs ## Footnote Examples include shipbuilding, the steel industry, and mining.
74
What sector has seen an increase in job opportunities as traditional manual jobs declined?
Service sector ## Footnote Includes jobs in retail and customer service.
75
What crisis are many working class men experiencing due to economic changes?
'Crisis of masculinity' ## Footnote They feel uncertain about their masculine identity.
76
What type of employment have some men sought to regain their masculine identity?
Bouncers in the nighttime economy ## Footnote This includes jobs in bars and clubs.
77
According to Merton's strain theory, what do working class males feel pressure to achieve?
Society's goals ## Footnote Specifically, money for their family.
78
What do working class males lack due to the decline in traditional manual jobs?
Legitimate means to achieve goals ## Footnote This contributes to feelings of strain and anomie.
79
What innovative actions might working class males take to provide for their families?
Commit property crimes ## Footnote Examples include fraud or theft.
80
What is the term for rejecting society's goals and means, often turning to illegal drug use?
Retreatism ## Footnote This is a response to strain in Merton's theory.
81
What context did Winlow study regarding male bouncers?
Sunderland in the North East of England ## Footnote This area is characterized by de-industrialisation and high unemployment rates.
82
What opportunities do bouncers have besides paid work?
Illegal business ventures ## Footnote Examples include illegal import of beer and cigarettes.
83
How do male bouncers demonstrate their masculinity?
Through the use of violence ## Footnote They gain status by being 'hard men' and dealing with confrontations.
84
What is the concept of 'edgework' as discussed by postmodernist Lyng?
Committing crimes on the edge of danger and safety ## Footnote Examples include illegal lockdown raves.
85
What motivates young men to engage in edgework, according to the text?
The 'buzz' and excitement ## Footnote This includes the risk of arrest and health dangers.
86
In what environment do young men from middle-class backgrounds engage in edgework?
High finance ## Footnote Includes investment banking and stock market trading.
87
What types of white-collar crimes might young male employees in high finance commit?
Insider trading and embezzlement ## Footnote They embrace thrill and risk in competitive situations.
88
Who are more likely to be victims of domestic violence?
Women ## Footnote Women are often blamed for leaving or refusing advances.
89
What do feminists blame for domestic violence?
Patriarchy ## Footnote Husbands may use violence to assert authority over their wives.
90
What ideology justifies violence against women?
Familial ideology of a 'good wife' ## Footnote This ideology leads to punishment for failing to meet cultural expectations.
91
What harmful belief was highlighted during the coronavirus pandemic?
Women should avoid 'nagging' ## Footnote This was advised to prevent aggravating male partners.
92
What happened to domestic violence cases during the pandemic?
Blamed on lockdown ## Footnote The focus was shifted away from the perpetrators.
93
Who are more likely to be victims of sexual assault?
Women ## Footnote Frottering is a common offence where men seek sexual pleasure without consent.
94
What is frottering?
A man rubs against a woman for sexual pleasure without her consent ## Footnote It is a form of sexual assault.
95
What is hegemonic masculinity?
Traits needed to be considered a 'real man' ## Footnote Being misogynistic is one of these traits.
96
What contemporary example illustrates sexual harassment?
Sexual harassment on the London underground ## Footnote The confined space facilitates harassment with bystander apathy.
97
What types of criminal offences are common on the tube?
Groping, frottering, voyeurism ## Footnote Voyeurism includes acts like flashing genitalia.
98
Why do many female victims not speak out about harassment?
Normalization of sexual harassment ## Footnote Many women experience it daily and fear escalation.
99
What might victims doubt after an incident of harassment?
Whether it actually happened ## Footnote They may think it could have been an accidental contact.
100
How do men assert their hegemonic masculinity on the tube?
By intruding on women's spaces ## Footnote This can be seen in actions like frottering.
101
What might a man with a zero hours contract feel that leads to harassment?
Emasculated ## Footnote This feeling may drive him to assert masculinity through harassment.
102
What type of hate crime has increased in recent years?
Misogyny hate crime ## Footnote This includes women MPs receiving misogynistic tweets with obscene, sexist language.
103
What derogatory terms are used in tweets against women MPs?
Terms like 'ugly' or 'old hags' ## Footnote These terms contribute to the objectification of women and discredit their work.
104
What threats do women MPs often receive via social media?
Threats of rape and violence ## Footnote This showcases the severe nature of misogyny in online spaces.
105
What concept do feminists argue is linked to the increase in misogynistic behavior?
Toxic masculinity ## Footnote This refers to harmful aspects of masculinity where men express dominance over women.
106
What is secondary victimisation?
When women become victims a second time while dealing with the police and courts ## Footnote This can involve re-living the crime and feeling blamed.
107
What is the conviction rate for rape cases?
Only 7% of rape cases end in a criminal conviction ## Footnote This highlights institutionalised sexism in the criminal justice system.
108
Who is more likely to be victims of violent crime such as assault?
Men ## Footnote This is often due to their presence in public spaces like pubs and clubs.
109
What does Messerschmidt argue about men and violent crime?
Men assert their hegemonic masculinity, which can lead to them being victims of assault ## Footnote This includes starting fights to demonstrate toughness.
110
What type of personal theft are men more likely to experience?
Theft such as pickpocketing ## Footnote Men often leave belongings in their pockets, making them vulnerable.
111
Fill in the blank: Men are more likely to be victims of personal theft due to leaving their belongings in their _______.
pockets
112
What term describes a specific type of pickpocketing where the thief pretends to be friendly?
'Hugger muggings' ## Footnote This involves a thief getting close and stealing items from a person's pocket.

AQA A-level Sociology (24 decks)

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