Crime - Gender

Question 1

What percentage of arrests are of males?

Answer 1

85%

Indicates that the majority of arrests involve men.

Question 2

What percentage of the prison population in England and Wales is made up of men?

Answer 2

95%

Highlights the gender disparity in incarceration rates.

Question 3

What types of crimes are men more likely to commit?

Answer 3

• Violent crimes
• Sexual assaults
• Property offences (e.g., criminal damage, arson, robbery)

Men commit 90% of murders.

Question 4

What types of offences are women more likely to commit?

Answer 4

• Non-violent offences
• Shoplifting
• T.V. license evasion

Reflects the difference in crime types between genders.

Question 5

What is the percentage of people arrested that are women?

Answer 5

15%

Indicates the low arrest rate for females.

Question 6

What theory explains women’s low crime rates due to social roles?

Answer 6

Sex-role theory

Suggests that women are socialized into non-aggressive traits.

Question 7

What do functionalists and the New Right argue regarding women’s roles?

Answer 7

Women take on the expressive role in the family

This role involves caring for others and domestic responsibilities.

Question 8

What responsibilities do women have that may limit their involvement in crime?

Answer 8

• Caring for partners
• Caring for children
• Caring for elderly relatives
• Domestic responsibilities (e.g., cooking, cleaning)

These responsibilities may deter women from risk-taking behaviors associated with crime.

Question 9

What traits are girls socialized into according to sex-role theory?

Answer 9

• Emotional
• Kind
• Conformist

These traits contribute to a more passive role, leading to less criminal behavior.

Question 10

Who introduced control theory in the context of women’s crime rates?

Answer 10

Heidensohn

Control theory highlights how societal controls limit women’s opportunities to commit crime.

Question 11

What is a significant factor in the private sphere that limits women’s crime opportunities?

Answer 11

Patriarchal control

This includes responsibilities for housework and childcare.

Question 12

How does parental control affect girls’ opportunities to commit crime?

Answer 12

• Strict curfews
• Monitoring through tracking apps

These controls result in fewer opportunities for girls to engage in criminal activities.

Question 13

What is the dual burden faced by women?

Answer 13

Paid work and domestic work

This concept reflects the additional responsibilities women handle.

Question 14

What is the triple shift that women face?

Answer 14

• Paid work
• Domestic work
• Emotion work

This concept suggests that women have multiple roles that limit their free time.

Question 15

What societal fear limits women’s involvement in crime outside the home?

Answer 15

Fear of being a victim of sexual violence

This fear discourages women from going out alone at night.

Question 16

What is the glass ceiling?

Answer 16

An invisible barrier to leadership positions in the workplace

This barrier limits women’s opportunities for committing white-collar crimes.

Question 17

What is the concept of ‘bedroom culture’ as it relates to girls?

Answer 17

Girls’ social lives tend to revolve around their bedrooms, engaging in activities like chatting online and sleepovers.

This indicates that girls socialize more in private spaces, reducing opportunities for criminal behavior.

Question 18

How do girls’ socialization patterns differ from boys’?

Answer 18

Girls tend to socialize in the private sphere (at home), while boys are more likely to socialize in the public sphere (outside of the home).

This difference contributes to the likelihood of committing crime.

Question 19

What do feminists argue about women’s likelihood to offend?

Answer 19

Women are less likely to offend due to fear of social disapproval and societal expectations of feminine behavior.

Women risk being stigmatized or shamed for committing criminal acts.

Question 20

What is the perspective of Marxist Feminist Carlen on women offenders?

Answer 20

Women offenders are seen as double deviants for breaking the law and violating feminine expectations of behavior.

For example, a woman convicted of fraud is viewed as both a criminal and unfeminine.

Question 21

What are some societal double standards regarding young women’s behavior?

Answer 21

Young women who have one-night stands are labeled negatively, while young men are encouraged in similar behavior.

Women who drink are judged more harshly than men, who view heavy drinking as a ‘badge of honour.’

Question 22

What factors may lead to the underestimation of female crime in official statistics?

Answer 22

Female crimes are less likely to be reported, targeted by police, or prosecuted.

This is influenced by gender stereotypes and the perception that women are kind and vulnerable.

Question 23

What do labeling theorists suggest about women’s criminal behavior?

Answer 23

Women’s actions are less likely to be defined and labeled as criminal due to societal gender expectations.

This results in women being less observed and caught for criminal behavior.

Question 24

What types of crimes are typically committed by women that may go unreported?

Answer 24

Crimes such as shoplifting are less likely to be reported to the police and are often handled internally by store security.

This contributes to the lack of representation of female crimes in official statistics.

Question 25

What is the chivalry thesis?

Answer 25

The idea that women are treated more leniently by the criminal justice system due to a duty felt by males to protect them.

Question 26

How does the chivalry thesis reflect patriarchal ideas?

Answer 26

It suggests that women are unlikely or unable to commit crimes, leading to lenient treatment by the police and courts.

Question 27

What is a common stereotype that affects female offenders?

Answer 27

Women are seen as innocent and vulnerable.

Question 28

What is an example of leniency shown to female offenders?

Answer 28

A woman caught speeding may be let off because her femininity is viewed as a reason for her actions.

Question 29

What factors influence the sentencing of female offenders?

Answer 29

Family life, such as being pregnant or having children.

Question 30

What happened in the July 2019 court case in Liverpool?

Answer 30

Three single mums walked free from court due to the negative impact prison would have on their children.

Question 31

What were the charges against the women in the Liverpool case?

Answer 31

They shouted homophobic insults at a man and one swung a hammer at him.

Question 32

What justification did the judge give for the suspended sentences?

Answer 32

Jail time would cause 'significant harm' to their children.

Question 33

What is a criticism of the chivalry thesis?

Answer 33

The criminal justice system can be biased against women who do not conform to gender stereotypes.

Question 34

Who is Carlen and what is her view on female offenders?

Answer 34

A Marxist Feminist who argues that female offenders are double deviants.

Question 35

What does Carlen mean by 'double deviants'?

Answer 35

They have broken the law and violated feminine expectations of behavior.

Question 36

How are women who commit serious offenses perceived?

Answer 36

They are labeled as 'evil women' for violating traditional gender roles.

Question 37

What type of offenses do women typically commit compared to men?

Answer 37

Women commit less serious offenses, such as T.V. license evasion.

Question 38

Is the leniency shown to women in the criminal justice system due to chivalry?

Answer 38

No, it may be because they commit less serious offenses than males.

Question 39

What has contributed to the increase in crimes committed by women in recent years?

Answer 39

Women's liberation and changing gender roles ## Footnote Feminists like Adler point to these factors as reasons for the rise in female crime.

Question 40

What does the liberation thesis suggest about women's crime?

Answer 40

Women's liberation has led to more opportunities to commit crime ## Footnote According to feminist Adler, greater independence allows women to commit crimes.

Question 41

What is a critique of the liberation thesis regarding working-class women?

Answer 41

It does not explain the crimes of working-class women ## Footnote Most female offenders come from poor backgrounds and commit crimes like shoplifting.

Question 42

What types of crimes do working-class women typically commit?

Answer 42

Street crimes like shoplifting and prostitution ## Footnote These are often to fund drug addictions.

Question 43

What has led to more women becoming successful in education and employment?

Answer 43

Greater independence and financial control ## Footnote Women are becoming more successful than men in various professional fields.

Question 44

What type of crime did a young woman commit in July 2019?

Answer 44

Theft and fraud ## Footnote She stole £250k from her employer while working as an accountant.

Question 45

What do Marxist Feminists argue about working-class women and crime?

Answer 45

They have not benefitted from women's liberation due to lack of cultural capital ## Footnote Many underachieve at school and live in poverty.

Question 46

What is the ladette culture?

Answer 46

Young women engaging in traditionally male behaviors like binge drinking ## Footnote Denscombe argues this reflects changing gender roles.

Question 47

How does ladette culture challenge traditional gender stereotypes?

Answer 47

It shows women acting in ways associated with men ## Footnote This includes behaviors like swearing and fighting.

Question 48

What is a critique of ladette culture regarding societal judgment?

Answer 48

Women are judged more harshly than men for binge drinking ## Footnote There is a double standard in societal expectations.

Question 49

Fill in the blank: Young women are spending more leisure time outside, in places like _______.

Answer 49

bars and nightclubs

Question 50

What challenges do women face regarding safety while drinking in public?

Answer 50

They have to be careful not to drink too much ## Footnote Concerns for their safety persist despite changes in gender roles.

Question 51

Who do Marxist Feminists blame for female crime?

Answer 51

Patriarchy and capitalism ## Footnote Marxist Feminists argue that these systems create conditions that force women into crime.

Question 52

Why are working class women more likely to commit crime?

Answer 52

Due to poverty ## Footnote Working class women face economic hardship, often leading them to commit crimes like shoplifting.

Question 53

What demographic factors contribute to women's higher risk of poverty?

Answer 53

* Single parenthood * High separation and divorce rates * Low-paid, part-time jobs ## Footnote These factors are exacerbated by austerity cuts and reliance on benefits.

Question 54

What impact did austerity cuts have on women and children?

Answer 54

Pushed thousands into poverty, increasing reliance on food banks ## Footnote Austerity measures disproportionately affected vulnerable populations.

Question 55

What is the 'culture of envy' in traditional Marxist theory?

Answer 55

A result of criminogenic capitalism where the working class cannot afford consumer goods ## Footnote This leads to utilitarian crimes like theft and shoplifting.

Question 56

What does Carlen mean by the 'class deal'?

Answer 56

Material rewards from paid employment ## Footnote This includes the ability to buy consumer goods and enjoy a certain lifestyle.

Question 57

What is the 'gender deal' according to Carlen?

Answer 57

Rewards from fulfilling the mother-housewife role ## Footnote This involves receiving emotional and material support from a male partner.

Question 58

Why might some women choose to commit crimes according to Carlen?

Answer 58

They do not receive the class or gender deal rewards ## Footnote Factors include poverty, unemployment, and abusive relationships.

Question 59

What is meant by 'strain to anomie' in Merton's strain theory?

Answer 59

Inability to achieve societal material goals legitimately ## Footnote This can lead to innovative behaviors like committing crimes.

Question 60

What are some potential benefits women seek by committing crimes?

Answer 60

* Money * Food * Consumer goods ## Footnote These benefits may outweigh the perceived costs of being caught.

Question 61

Fill in the blank: Marxist feminists argue that working class women are forced into crime due to _______.

Answer 61

poverty

Question 62

True or False: All women have the same access to the rewards of the class deal and gender deal.

Answer 62

False ## Footnote Many women face barriers such as poverty and abuse that prevent them from accessing these rewards.

Question 63

What percentage of people arrested are male?

Answer 63

85% ## Footnote This statistic highlights the gender disparity in crime rates.

Question 64

What percentage of the prison population in England and Wales is male?

Answer 64

95% ## Footnote This indicates a significant overrepresentation of males in incarceration.

Question 65

What are males more likely to be compared to females in terms of crime?

Answer 65

Repeat offenders, have longer criminal careers, commit more serious crimes ## Footnote Serious crimes include murder and sexual assault.

Question 66

According to sex-role theory, why are men more likely to offend?

Answer 66

They take on the instrumental role in the family and are socialised into aggressive traits ## Footnote Functionalists and the New Right support this view.

Question 67

What opportunity does traditional male role provide in terms of crime?

Answer 67

Opportunity to commit white-collar crimes ## Footnote Example: stealing from their employer.

Question 68

What type of crimes can social pressure to provide for the family lead to?

Answer 68

Property crimes ## Footnote Example: robbery when legitimate earning opportunities are lacking.

Question 69

What masculine traits are boys socialised into that can lead to criminal behavior?

Answer 69

Being tough, aggressive, risk-taking, competitive ## Footnote These traits are often reinforced through play and social interactions.

Question 70

What is hegemonic masculinity?

Answer 70

The idea that a 'real man' is dominant, tough, aggressive, a risk-taker, and misogynistic ## Footnote This concept is key to understanding male criminality according to Messerschmidt.

Question 71

What may happen to men who cannot assert their hegemonic masculinity in socially approved ways?

Answer 71

They may commit criminal or violent behavior ## Footnote This serves as an expression of their masculinity.

Question 72

What type of job might lead a man to feel emasculated and potentially commit property crime?

Answer 72

Zero hours contract delivering takeaways ## Footnote This job may deprive him of a traditional male identity.

Question 73

How might a husband who earns less than his wife assert his power?

Answer 73

Use threats or actual violence against his wife ## Footnote This reflects a struggle for dominance in the relationship.

Question 74

Why are working class males more likely to commit crimes?

Answer 74

They are more likely to take a hegemonic view of masculinity and find legitimate means blocked ## Footnote This contributes to high crime rates in this demographic.

Question 75

What do feminists argue about hegemonic masculinity?

Answer 75

It is toxic and justifies violence against girls ## Footnote This perspective highlights the societal implications of masculinity norms.

Question 76

What percentage of 13-21 year old females have experienced some form of sexual harassment in school or college?

Answer 76

59% ## Footnote This statistic underscores the prevalence of sexual harassment as a part of hegemonic masculinity.

Question 77

What economic change has led to a decline in manufacturing jobs in the UK?

Answer 77

Globalisation ## Footnote Globalisation has made it cheaper to import goods from other countries.

Question 78

What types of jobs have declined due to changes in the economy?

Answer 78

Traditional manual jobs ## Footnote Examples include shipbuilding, the steel industry, and mining.

Question 79

What sector has seen an increase in job opportunities as traditional manual jobs declined?

Answer 79

Service sector ## Footnote Includes jobs in retail and customer service.

Question 80

What crisis are many working class men experiencing due to economic changes?

Answer 80

'Crisis of masculinity' ## Footnote They feel uncertain about their masculine identity.

Question 81

What type of employment have some men sought to regain their masculine identity?

Answer 81

Bouncers in the nighttime economy ## Footnote This includes jobs in bars and clubs.

Question 82

According to Merton's strain theory, what do working class males feel pressure to achieve?

Answer 82

Society's goals ## Footnote Specifically, money for their family.

Question 83

What do working class males lack due to the decline in traditional manual jobs?

Answer 83

Legitimate means to achieve goals ## Footnote This contributes to feelings of strain and anomie.

Question 84

What innovative actions might working class males take to provide for their families?

Answer 84

Commit property crimes ## Footnote Examples include fraud or theft.

Question 85

What is the term for rejecting society's goals and means, often turning to illegal drug use?

Answer 85

Retreatism ## Footnote This is a response to strain in Merton's theory.

Question 86

What context did Winlow study regarding male bouncers?

Answer 86

Sunderland in the North East of England ## Footnote This area is characterized by de-industrialisation and high unemployment rates.

Question 87

What opportunities do bouncers have besides paid work?

Answer 87

Illegal business ventures ## Footnote Examples include illegal import of beer and cigarettes.

Question 88

How do male bouncers demonstrate their masculinity?

Answer 88

Through the use of violence ## Footnote They gain status by being 'hard men' and dealing with confrontations.

Question 89

What is the concept of 'edgework' as discussed by postmodernist Lyng?

Answer 89

Committing crimes on the edge of danger and safety ## Footnote Examples include illegal lockdown raves.

Question 90

What motivates young men to engage in edgework, according to the text?

Answer 90

The 'buzz' and excitement ## Footnote This includes the risk of arrest and health dangers.

Question 91

In what environment do young men from middle-class backgrounds engage in edgework?

Answer 91

High finance ## Footnote Includes investment banking and stock market trading.

Question 92

What types of white-collar crimes might young male employees in high finance commit?

Answer 92

Insider trading and embezzlement ## Footnote They embrace thrill and risk in competitive situations.

Question 93

Who are more likely to be victims of domestic violence?

Answer 93

Women ## Footnote Women are often blamed for leaving or refusing advances.

Question 94

What do feminists blame for domestic violence?

Answer 94

Patriarchy ## Footnote Husbands may use violence to assert authority over their wives.

Question 95

What ideology justifies violence against women?

Answer 95

Familial ideology of a 'good wife' ## Footnote This ideology leads to punishment for failing to meet cultural expectations.

Question 96

What harmful belief was highlighted during the coronavirus pandemic?

Answer 96

Women should avoid 'nagging' ## Footnote This was advised to prevent aggravating male partners.

Question 97

What happened to domestic violence cases during the pandemic?

Answer 97

Blamed on lockdown ## Footnote The focus was shifted away from the perpetrators.

Question 98

Who are more likely to be victims of sexual assault?

Answer 98

Women ## Footnote Frottering is a common offence where men seek sexual pleasure without consent.

Question 99

What is frottering?

Answer 99

A man rubs against a woman for sexual pleasure without her consent ## Footnote It is a form of sexual assault.

Question 100

What is hegemonic masculinity?

Answer 100

Traits needed to be considered a 'real man' ## Footnote Being misogynistic is one of these traits.

Question 101

What contemporary example illustrates sexual harassment?

Answer 101

Sexual harassment on the London underground ## Footnote The confined space facilitates harassment with bystander apathy.

Question 102

What types of criminal offences are common on the tube?

Answer 102

Groping, frottering, voyeurism ## Footnote Voyeurism includes acts like flashing genitalia.

Question 103

Why do many female victims not speak out about harassment?

Answer 103

Normalization of sexual harassment ## Footnote Many women experience it daily and fear escalation.

Question 104

What might victims doubt after an incident of harassment?

Answer 104

Whether it actually happened ## Footnote They may think it could have been an accidental contact.

Question 105

How do men assert their hegemonic masculinity on the tube?

Answer 105

By intruding on women's spaces ## Footnote This can be seen in actions like frottering.

Question 106

What might a man with a zero hours contract feel that leads to harassment?

Answer 106

Emasculated ## Footnote This feeling may drive him to assert masculinity through harassment.

Question 107

What type of hate crime has increased in recent years?

Answer 107

Misogyny hate crime ## Footnote This includes women MPs receiving misogynistic tweets with obscene, sexist language.

Question 108

What derogatory terms are used in tweets against women MPs?

Answer 108

Terms like 'ugly' or 'old hags' ## Footnote These terms contribute to the objectification of women and discredit their work.

Question 109

What threats do women MPs often receive via social media?

Answer 109

Threats of rape and violence ## Footnote This showcases the severe nature of misogyny in online spaces.

Question 110

What concept do feminists argue is linked to the increase in misogynistic behavior?

Answer 110

Toxic masculinity ## Footnote This refers to harmful aspects of masculinity where men express dominance over women.

Question 111

What is secondary victimisation?

Answer 111

When women become victims a second time while dealing with the police and courts ## Footnote This can involve re-living the crime and feeling blamed.

Question 112

What is the conviction rate for rape cases?

Answer 112

Only 7% of rape cases end in a criminal conviction ## Footnote This highlights institutionalised sexism in the criminal justice system.

Question 113

Who is more likely to be victims of violent crime such as assault?

Answer 113

Men ## Footnote This is often due to their presence in public spaces like pubs and clubs.

Question 114

What does Messerschmidt argue about men and violent crime?

Answer 114

Men assert their hegemonic masculinity, which can lead to them being victims of assault ## Footnote This includes starting fights to demonstrate toughness.

Question 115

What type of personal theft are men more likely to experience?

Answer 115

Theft such as pickpocketing ## Footnote Men often leave belongings in their pockets, making them vulnerable.

Question 116

Fill in the blank: Men are more likely to be victims of personal theft due to leaving their belongings in their _______.

Answer 116

pockets

Question 117

What term describes a specific type of pickpocketing where the thief pretends to be friendly?

Answer 117

'Hugger muggings' ## Footnote This involves a thief getting close and stealing items from a person's pocket.