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CS200 > CS200- Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

CS200- Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Three tissue layers of the heart

A

Endocardium, myocardium, pericardium

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2
Q

myocardium

A

Thick middle layer of heart tissue. Cells resemble skeletal muscle, but have electrical properties similar to smooth muscle. Rapidly conduct impulse from one cell to the next

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3
Q

Two layers of pericardium

A

Visceral (inner layer, in contact with the heart)

Parietal (Outer, fibrous Layer)

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4
Q

Interatrial Septum

A

Separates the atria

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5
Q

Interventricular Septum

A

Separates the Ventricles

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6
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

The right Atrioventricular valve.

Has three leaflets

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7
Q

Mitral Valve

A

Left Atrioventricular valve

Has two leaflets

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8
Q

Semiluminar valves

A

Valves between arteries and ventricles. Aortic valve is the right, pulmonic valve is the left.

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9
Q

Source of body blood to the right atrium

A

superior and inferior vena cavae

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10
Q

Heart’s nutrient supply

A

coronary arteries

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11
Q

anastomosis

A

communication between two or more vessels

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12
Q

Diastole

A

relaxation phase, when the ventricular filling begins. myocardium is relaxed

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13
Q

Systole

A

Contraction phase.
The atria contract first, to get the last of the blood out, then when the pressure exceeds that of the aorta and pulmonary artery, the doors open to the arteries and close to the atria.

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14
Q

Cardiac Plexus

A

a network of nerves at the base of the heart

the innervation point for the sympathetic nervous system

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15
Q

2 principle receptor types for the sympathetic NS

A

Alpha, Beta1, Beta2

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16
Q

Alpha receptors

A

Receptor for the Sympathetic nervous system

-located in the peripheral blood vessels, and are responsible for vasoconstriction

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17
Q

Beta1 receptors

A

Receptor for the Sympathetic nervous system

-Located primarily in the heart, increase HR and contractility

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18
Q

Beta2 receptors

A

Receptor for the Sympathetic nervous system

-Located in the lungs and peripheral blood vessels, cause bronchodilation and peripheral vasodilation

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19
Q

beta blocker

A

block beta receptos, resulting in slower HR and lower BP

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20
Q

The nerve controlling parasympathetic control of the heart

A

CNX- Vagus nerve

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21
Q

Acl’s effect on CN-X

A

Causes it to send signals to the heart to slow Hr and atrioventricular conduction

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22
Q

Chronotropy

A

Changes pertaining to heart rate

positive and negative chronotropic agents

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23
Q

Inotropy

A

Pertaining to cardiac force (positive inotropic agent increases cardiac force)

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24
Q

Dronotropy

A

pertaining to the speed of impulse transmission (positive dromotropic agents speed up impulse conduction)

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25
Q

5 electrolytes that affect cardiac function

A

Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl,

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26
Q

Effects of Na in cardiac function

A

Takes part in myocardial depolarization. Rushes in the cells upon sympathetic stimulation, creating a positive charge inside the cell (action potential), depolarizing the cell. Contraction takes place immediately following depolarization

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27
Q

Effects of Ca in cardiac function

A

Takes part in myocardial depolarization and contractility.

  • After Na influx, slower influx of Ca++ occurs
  • Hypercalcemia can result in increased contractility, hypocalcemia can result in decreased contractility
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28
Q

Effects of K in cardiac function, and effects of hyper and hypo kalemia

A

influences repolarization. kyperkalemia decreased automaticity and conduction, hypokalemia increases irritability

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29
Q

3 cardiac muscle types

A

Atrial, ventricular, specialized excitory and conductive fibres

30
Q

Difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle

A

Cardiac muscle has intercalated discs

31
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Specialized bands of tissue between myocardial cells that increase the rate at which action potential is spread between cells (400 times faster, forming a synctium).

32
Q

Synctium

A

A group of cells working together as a unit, ex. atrial and ventricular synctia

33
Q

AV Bundle

A

How the impulse is conducted from atria to ventricle

34
Q

Four properties of cells in the Cardiac Conductive System

A

Excitability, Conductivity, Automaticity (self excitation), Contractility

35
Q

SinoAtrial (SA) node

A

Pacemaker in the cardiac conduction system, usually the highest cell, the cell with the fastest automaticity

36
Q

purkinje system

A

Recieves impulse from the apex of the right ventricle, and spreads it accross the myocardium

37
Q

rate of self excitation at the SA node

A

60-100bpm

38
Q

rate of self excitation at the AV node

A

40-60bpm

39
Q

rate of self excitation at the Perkinje System

A

15-40bpm

40
Q

Tunica Intima

A

The innermost lining of arteries and veins, a single layer thick

41
Q

Tunica Media

A

The middle layer of the walls of arteries and veins, composed of elastic fibres and muscles. Much thicker in arteries than veins

42
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

Outermost lining of arteries and veins, fibrous tissue

43
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

Blood flow through a vessel is directly proportional to the radius of the vessel to the 4th power
-ml/min = r^4

44
Q

Describe the path of blood from aorta to atria

A

Aorta-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins-vena cava

45
Q

The lyphatic system delivers lymph to the

A

subclavian vein

46
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

Ratio of blood pumped from the ventricle to the amount remaining inside after diastole. Normally, it’s about 2/3.

47
Q

Stroke Volume

A

Amount of heart ejected by the heart in one contraction. 60-100ml (average 70ml)

48
Q

Three factors affecting Stroke Volume

A

Preload, Cardiac contractile force, Afterload

49
Q

Preload

A

Amount of heart delivered to the heart during diastole, also equal to the pressure in the ventricles at the end of diastole

50
Q

Starling’s Law of the heart

A

the more the ventricles stretch (so the greater the preload), the greater the contractile force

51
Q

factors affecting cardiac contractile force

A

preload, epinephrine, norepinephrine

52
Q

Afterload

A

Resistance against which the ventricle must contract (must be overcome for contraction to result in ejection)
-Dependant on level of vasoconstriction

53
Q

Cardiac Output

definition, equation, and average values

A 
The amount of blood pumped/minute
Stroke volume (ml/b) x HR (b/min) = Output (ml/min)
average: 70ml/b x 70b/min = 4900 ml/min (5L)
54
Q

Peripheral vascular resistance

A

Pressure against which the heart pumps

55
Q

Fick Principle

A

Movement and utilization of O2 depends on:

  1. adequate inspired O2
  2. O2 movement across membrane into arterial bloodstream
  3. Adequate RBCs to carry O2
  4. Proper tissue perfusion
  5. Efficient offloading of O2 at the tissues
56
Q

Normal range of white blood cells per microlitre

A

5000-9000/microlitre

57
Q

Heart valves are opened and closed by the ____

A

papillary muscles

58
Q

chordae tendoneae

A

Connects valve leaflets to the papillary muscles

59
Q

Three parts of the aorta

A

Ascending- leaves the heart
Thoracic- Curves down and goes through the chest
Abdominal- passes through the diaphragm into abdomen

60
Q

Right vs left ventricular myocardium

A

Thicker on the left side because intercardial pressures are higher because the lungs offer less resistance than the body

61
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Supply the heart with blood, originate in the ascending aorta, just above the aortic valve

62
Q

Two major branches of the Left coronary artery, and what it provides blood to

A

anterior descending artery, and circumflex artery. Supplies the left ventricle, interventricular septum, part of right ventricle, and conduction system

63
Q

Two major branches of the right coronary artery, and what it provides blood to

A

Posterior descending artery, and marginal artery. supply a portion of right atrium and ventricle and part of the conduction system

64
Q

the coronary vessels receive blood during _____. Why?

A

Diastole, when the heart relaxes, because the aortic valve leaflets cover the coronary openings during contraction (systole)

65
Q

Describe the drainage of the left and right coronary systems

A

Left- the anterior great cardiac vein and the lateral marginal veins drain into the coronary sinus

Right- drains directly into the right atrium

66
Q

Collateral Circulation, and an example

A

alternative paths for blood flow in case of a blockage. example- coronary circulation

67
Q

Diastole

A

The relaxation phase of the heart, ventricular filling and coronary circulation

68
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of the heart, starting with the atria

69
Q

Anastomosis

A

communication between 2 or more vessels

70
Q

The sympathetic system innervates the heart through the _____

A

cardiac plexus

CS200 (9 decks)

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