CS200- Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Three tissue layers of the heart

A

Endocardium, myocardium, pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

myocardium

A

Thick middle layer of heart tissue. Cells resemble skeletal muscle, but have electrical properties similar to smooth muscle. Rapidly conduct impulse from one cell to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Two layers of pericardium

A

Visceral (inner layer, in contact with the heart)

Parietal (Outer, fibrous Layer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Interatrial Septum

A

Separates the atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Interventricular Septum

A

Separates the Ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

The right Atrioventricular valve.

Has three leaflets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mitral Valve

A

Left Atrioventricular valve

Has two leaflets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Semiluminar valves

A

Valves between arteries and ventricles. Aortic valve is the right, pulmonic valve is the left.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Source of body blood to the right atrium

A

superior and inferior vena cavae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Heart’s nutrient supply

A

coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

anastomosis

A

communication between two or more vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Diastole

A

relaxation phase, when the ventricular filling begins. myocardium is relaxed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Systole

A

Contraction phase.
The atria contract first, to get the last of the blood out, then when the pressure exceeds that of the aorta and pulmonary artery, the doors open to the arteries and close to the atria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cardiac Plexus

A

a network of nerves at the base of the heart

the innervation point for the sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 principle receptor types for the sympathetic NS

A

Alpha, Beta1, Beta2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Alpha receptors

A

Receptor for the Sympathetic nervous system

-located in the peripheral blood vessels, and are responsible for vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Beta1 receptors

A

Receptor for the Sympathetic nervous system

-Located primarily in the heart, increase HR and contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Beta2 receptors

A

Receptor for the Sympathetic nervous system

-Located in the lungs and peripheral blood vessels, cause bronchodilation and peripheral vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

beta blocker

A

block beta receptos, resulting in slower HR and lower BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The nerve controlling parasympathetic control of the heart

A

CNX- Vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Acl’s effect on CN-X

A

Causes it to send signals to the heart to slow Hr and atrioventricular conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Chronotropy

A

Changes pertaining to heart rate

positive and negative chronotropic agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Inotropy

A

Pertaining to cardiac force (positive inotropic agent increases cardiac force)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Dronotropy

A

pertaining to the speed of impulse transmission (positive dromotropic agents speed up impulse conduction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
5 electrolytes that affect cardiac function
Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl,
26
Effects of Na in cardiac function
Takes part in myocardial depolarization. Rushes in the cells upon sympathetic stimulation, creating a positive charge inside the cell (action potential), depolarizing the cell. Contraction takes place immediately following depolarization
27
Effects of Ca in cardiac function
Takes part in myocardial depolarization and contractility. - After Na influx, slower influx of Ca++ occurs - Hypercalcemia can result in increased contractility, hypocalcemia can result in decreased contractility
28
Effects of K in cardiac function, and effects of hyper and hypo kalemia
influences repolarization. kyperkalemia decreased automaticity and conduction, hypokalemia increases irritability
29
3 cardiac muscle types
Atrial, ventricular, specialized excitory and conductive fibres
30
Difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle has intercalated discs
31
Intercalated discs
Specialized bands of tissue between myocardial cells that increase the rate at which action potential is spread between cells (400 times faster, forming a synctium).
32
Synctium
A group of cells working together as a unit, ex. atrial and ventricular synctia
33
AV Bundle
How the impulse is conducted from atria to ventricle
34
Four properties of cells in the Cardiac Conductive System
Excitability, Conductivity, Automaticity (self excitation), Contractility
35
SinoAtrial (SA) node
Pacemaker in the cardiac conduction system, usually the highest cell, the cell with the fastest automaticity
36
purkinje system
Recieves impulse from the apex of the right ventricle, and spreads it accross the myocardium
37
rate of self excitation at the SA node
60-100bpm
38
rate of self excitation at the AV node
40-60bpm
39
rate of self excitation at the Perkinje System
15-40bpm
40
Tunica Intima
The innermost lining of arteries and veins, a single layer thick
41
Tunica Media
The middle layer of the walls of arteries and veins, composed of elastic fibres and muscles. Much thicker in arteries than veins
42
Tunica adventitia
Outermost lining of arteries and veins, fibrous tissue
43
Poiseuille's Law
Blood flow through a vessel is directly proportional to the radius of the vessel to the 4th power -ml/min = r^4
44
Describe the path of blood from aorta to atria
Aorta-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins-vena cava
45
The lyphatic system delivers lymph to the
subclavian vein
46
Ejection Fraction
Ratio of blood pumped from the ventricle to the amount remaining inside after diastole. Normally, it's about 2/3.
47
Stroke Volume
Amount of heart ejected by the heart in one contraction. 60-100ml (average 70ml)
48
Three factors affecting Stroke Volume
Preload, Cardiac contractile force, Afterload
49
Preload
Amount of heart delivered to the heart during diastole, also equal to the pressure in the ventricles at the end of diastole
50
Starling's Law of the heart
the more the ventricles stretch (so the greater the preload), the greater the contractile force
51
factors affecting cardiac contractile force
preload, epinephrine, norepinephrine
52
Afterload
Resistance against which the ventricle must contract (must be overcome for contraction to result in ejection) -Dependant on level of vasoconstriction
53
Cardiac Output | definition, equation, and average values
``` The amount of blood pumped/minute Stroke volume (ml/b) x HR (b/min) = Output (ml/min) average: 70ml/b x 70b/min = 4900 ml/min (5L) ```
54
Peripheral vascular resistance
Pressure against which the heart pumps
55
Fick Principle
Movement and utilization of O2 depends on: 1. adequate inspired O2 2. O2 movement across membrane into arterial bloodstream 3. Adequate RBCs to carry O2 4. Proper tissue perfusion 5. Efficient offloading of O2 at the tissues
56
Normal range of white blood cells per microlitre
5000-9000/microlitre
57
Heart valves are opened and closed by the ____
papillary muscles
58
chordae tendoneae
Connects valve leaflets to the papillary muscles
59
Three parts of the aorta
Ascending- leaves the heart Thoracic- Curves down and goes through the chest Abdominal- passes through the diaphragm into abdomen
60
Right vs left ventricular myocardium
Thicker on the left side because intercardial pressures are higher because the lungs offer less resistance than the body
61
Coronary arteries
Supply the heart with blood, originate in the ascending aorta, just above the aortic valve
62
Two major branches of the Left coronary artery, and what it provides blood to
anterior descending artery, and circumflex artery. Supplies the left ventricle, interventricular septum, part of right ventricle, and conduction system
63
Two major branches of the right coronary artery, and what it provides blood to
Posterior descending artery, and marginal artery. supply a portion of right atrium and ventricle and part of the conduction system
64
the coronary vessels receive blood during _____. Why?
Diastole, when the heart relaxes, because the aortic valve leaflets cover the coronary openings during contraction (systole)
65
Describe the drainage of the left and right coronary systems
Left- the anterior great cardiac vein and the lateral marginal veins drain into the coronary sinus Right- drains directly into the right atrium
66
Collateral Circulation, and an example
alternative paths for blood flow in case of a blockage. example- coronary circulation
67
Diastole
The relaxation phase of the heart, ventricular filling and coronary circulation
68
Systole
Contraction of the heart, starting with the atria
69
Anastomosis
communication between 2 or more vessels
70
The sympathetic system innervates the heart through the _____
cardiac plexus