CS200- Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

How much of the total bone mass is replaced each year?

Answer 1

20%

Question 2

Haversian Canals

Answer 2

Small perforations of the long bones through which blood vessels and nerves travel into the bone

Question 3

Osteocytes

Answer 3

Bone forming cells found in the bone matrix that helps maintain the bone

Question 4

Osteoblasts

Answer 4

Lay down new bone during growth and bone repair

Question 5

Osteoclasts

Answer 5

dissolve bone structures not carrying pressure when the body requires more salts

Question 6

perforating canals

Answer 6

Structures through which blood vessels enter and exit the bone shaft

Question 7

ischemic

Answer 7

restriction of blood supply to a tissue

Question 8

Diaphysis

Answer 8

Hollow, central shaft of the long bone. As a hollow cylinder, it is light and strong

Question 9

Epiphysis

Answer 9

End of a long bone, filled with cancellous bone on the inside, and includes the articular surface, which is the surface which meets and articulates with another bone

Question 10

Metaphysis

Answer 10

Intermediate region between epiphysis and diaphysis.

-Contains the epiphyseal plate, the growth zone of a bone, active during youth

Question 11

Medullary Canal

Answer 11

Cavity within a bone that contains the marrow.

• The central canal is filled with yellow bone marrow,
• cancellous bone chambers contain red bone marrow

Question 12

Yellow bone marrow

Answer 12

Produced in the medullary canal of the diaphysis, stores fat in a semiliquid form, readily available as a quick and easy energy source

Question 13

Red bone marrow

Answer 13

Fills cancellous bone chambers

-responsible for the manufacture of erythrocytes and other blood cells

Question 14

Periosteum

Answer 14

Tough exterior covering of a bone, innervated by nerves and vasculature

Question 15

Cartilage

Answer 15

connective tissue functioning as the actual surface of articulation between bones

Question 16

sesamoid bone

Answer 16

bone that forms within tendons, such as the patella (kneecap)

Question 17

Three types of joints

Answer 17

Synarthroses (immovable)

• Amphiarthroses- Joints allowing limited movement (vertebrae)
• Diarthroses/synovial joints- relatively free movement (elbow, shoulder)

Question 18

Three categories of Diarthroses (synovial joints)

Answer 18

Monaxial- One axis of movement: Hinge (elbow) or pivot (atlas/axis) joints

• Biaxial- two directions- carpals, thumbs, wrist
• Triaxial- Ball and socket. Full motion and rotation (hip, shoulder)

Question 19

adduction

Answer 19

movement of a body part toward the midline

Question 20

abduction

Answer 20

movement of a body part away from the midline

Question 21

circumduction

Answer 21

movement through the arc of a circle, where the distal end of a bone moves in circle but the bone does not rotate

Question 22

Ligament

Answer 22

Bands of connective tissue that connect bone to bone and hold joints together

Question 23

Joint Capsule (synovial capsule)

Answer 23

A small chamber formed by the ligaments surrounding a joint

• Contains synovial fluid, reducing friction
• Contains bursae filled with synovial fluid which cushion adjacent structures

Question 24

bones in the human skeleton

Answer 24

206

Question 25

of tarsial, metatarsials, and phalanges in the foot

Answer 25

7, 5, and 14

Question 26

fasciculus

Answer 26

small bundle of muscle fibres, a group of which forms a muscle body, such as the triceps

Question 27

origin

Answer 27

attachment of a muscle to a bone that does not move (or experiences the least movement) when the muscle contracts. The muscle attachment to the stationary bone.

Question 28

Insertion

Answer 28

The muscle attachment to the moving bone

Question 29

Tone

Answer 29

state of slight contraction of muscles that gives them firmness and keeps them ready to contract

Question 30

MCP

Answer 30

Metacarpophalangeal Joint- Where the metacarpals articulate with the proximal phalanges (knuckles) As well as flexion and extension, allow abduction (spreading fingers) and adduction (bringing them together)

Question 31

DIP

Answer 31

Distal Interphalangeal Joint- where the middle phalanges articulate with the distal phalanges

Question 32

PIP

Answer 32

Proximal Interphalangeal Joint- where the middle and proximal phalanges articulate

Question 33

Major flexor muscles of the hand

Answer 33

flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris

Question 34

Major extensor muscles of the hand

Answer 34

extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, and extensor carpi ulnaris

Question 35

4 pieces of the elbow joint

Answer 35

Lateral and Medial epicondyles (large rounded edges) of the distal humerus, the olecranon process of the proximal ulna, and the proximal radius

Question 36

AC joint

Answer 36

acromioclavicular joint- where the distal clavicle articulates with the acromion of the scapula (shoulder)

Question 37

sternoclavicular joint

Answer 37

The only bony link between the upper extremity and the axial skeleton. Movement here is passive, occuring as a result of active movements of the scapula.

Question 38

Glenohumeral joint

Answer 38

ball and socket joint in the shoulder, with more mobility than any other joint in the body, making it the most frequent site of dislocation. Ball- head of humerus Socket- Glenoid cavity of the scapula

Question 39

Greater and lesser tubercles

Answer 39

two rounded protrusions in the proximal humerus, through which the biceps tendon runs. easily palpable

Question 40

Rotator cuff

Answer 40

Encapsulate the glenohumeral joint (along with the deltoid muscle) Muscles- supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis

Question 41

Describe the ankle joint

Answer 41

``` The distal tibia and fibia (medial and lateral malleolus) articuate with the talus. Ligaments stratching from each malleolus to the foot itself hold the ankle joint together, and the achilles tendon, which inserts into the calcaneous (heel) helps maintain integrity. Major dorsiflexor (raising foot) is the tibialis anterior, major plantar flexor (lowering) is the gastrocnemius (calf muscle) ```

Question 42

Gastrocnemius

Answer 42

Calf muscle

Question 43

Calcaneous

Answer 43

Heel

Question 44

Bones involved in the knee joint

Answer 44

Patella, distal femur, proximal tibia

Question 45

Major flexors of the knee (hamstrings)

Answer 45

Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendonitus

Question 46

Major extensors of the knee (quadraceps)

Answer 46

Vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, rectus femoris

Question 47

inominates

Answer 47

the two symmetrical structures making up the pelvis, joined to the sacrum. Each one constructed of the ilium (large flat bone), and the ischium and pubis, all fused.

Question 48

The hip joint

Answer 48

The head of the proximal femur (ball) and the acetabulum of the ischium (socket) Though it's ball and socket, movement is restructed due to many large ligaments

Question 49

iliopspas muscle group

Answer 49

Allows for hip flexion

Question 50

Bursae cushioning the hip joint

Answer 50

iliopectineal bursa, trochanteric bursa, and ischiogluteal bursa

Question 51

of muscle groups in the system

Answer 51

>600

Question 52

% of total body weight made up by skeletal muscle

Answer 52

40-50

Question 53

Strength of a muscle body

Answer 53

9 kg / cm^2

Question 54

Tendons

Answer 54

connective tissue, attach muscle to bone at the insertion (and sometimes the origin)