CS200- Spine, Thorax, and Nervous Systems

Question 1

of vertebrae in each section of the column

Answer 1

Cervical-7
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar- 5
Sacral-5
Coccygeal- 3-5
Total- 32-34

Question 2

Pedicles

Answer 2

Bony struts on a vertebra stretching laterally

Connect the vertebral bodies with the transverse and spinous processes

Question 3

Laminae

Answer 3

Two posterior struts of the vertebral ring, connect the transverse and spinal processes

Question 4

Transverse processes

Answer 4

bony outgrowths on the vertebrae that stretch posterior and lateral
serve as muscle attachment and articulation with the ribs

Question 5

spinous process

Answer 5

Part of the vertebra where the laminae join posteriorly, palpable

Question 6

Atlas

Answer 6

C-1. Supports the head

Permits nodding motion

Question 7

Axis

Answer 7

C-2- small bony tooth projecting upwards permits twisting

Question 8

Where does the spinal cord end in adults

Answer 8

L-1

Question 9

Attachments for the spinal column’s dura mater

Answer 9

Base of the skull, top of the sacrum, peripheral nerve roots

Question 10

Ribs- # and attachments

Answer 10

12 pairs
upper 7 join the sternum
8-10 join the cartilage of the 7th rib
11-12 are floating

Question 11

3 sections of the sternum, and joints in between

Answer 11

Manubrium (medial endpoint of clavicle and rib 1)
Angle of Louis- feels like a bar, attachment for rib 2
Sternum body
xiphisternal joint
Xyphoid Process

Question 12

Pulmonary Hilium

Answer 12

Where the bronchi enter the lungs, and where the pulmonary arteries enter and pulmonary veins exit.
The sole point of fixation of the lung 8in the thoracic cavity

Question 13

lobes of the lungs

Answer 13

right- three lobes, upper, middle, lower
Left- upper and lower
Left upper lobe contains the cardiac notch, upon which the heart rests

Question 14

Visceral Pleura

Answer 14

smooth membrane lining the pleural space, folding over at the pulmonary hilium. these layers and the fluid between allow lung movement

Question 15

mediastinum

Answer 15

central space within the thoracic cavity, bound by the lungs, diaphram, thoracic outlet. Filled mostly by the heart

Question 16

aorta fixations

Answer 16

Annulus- where it attaches to the heart
Ligamentum arteriosum- at the pulmonary artery (fetal cord connecting them)
Aortic Hiatus- where it passes through diaphram and enters abdomen

Question 17

Neuron depolarization

Answer 17

Na rushes in, K rushes out, eliminating the negative charge inside the cell

Question 18

The brain’s six major parts

Answer 18

Cerebellum, Cerebrum, Pons, Medulla ablongata, Diencephalon (innerbrain, includes hypothalamus and thalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain)

Question 19

Mesencephalon

Answer 19

Midbrain, responsible for certain aspects of motor coordination and eye movement

Question 20

cerebellum

Answer 20

coordinates fine motor movements, posture, equilibrium, muscle tone

Question 21

AMF

Answer 21

Anterior medial fissure, anterior portion of spinal cord’s medial division. Deep crease along the ventral surface

Question 22

PMS

Answer 22

Posterior Medial Sulcus- Posterior portion of spinal cord’s medial division, shallow groove along the dorsal surface

Question 23

Grey Matter

Answer 23

H cross section of spinal cord, made up of neural bodies

Important for reflex

Question 24

White Matter

Answer 24

Three columns of nerve fibres around grey matter (anterior, lateral, posterior)
composes a pair of ascending and descending tracts on either side

Question 25

How many spinal nerve pairs?

Answer 25

31 (one for every vertebra, starting above C-1, until the Coccyx)

Question 26

describe the roots of the nerve pairs

Answer 26

each peir has 2 ventral roots, which carry impulses from cord to body, and 2 dorsal roots, which carry impulses from body to cord

Question 27

Key locations for dermatome assessment

Answer 27

``` C-3- collar region C-7- Little finger T-4- Nipple line T-10- Unbilicus S-1- Small toe ```

Question 28

Myotomes and dermatomes

Answer 28

Myatomes- Muscle and tissue innervated by a spinal nerve root Dermatome- Body surface innervated by one nerve root

Question 29

Key myotome evaluations

Answer 29

``` C-5- arm extension C-7- elbow extension T-1- Small finger abduction L-3- knee extension S-1- ankle flexion ```

Question 30

Four Categories of Peripheral Nerves

Answer 30

``` Somatic Sensory (touch, pain, temp, position) Somatic Motor (skeletal muscles) Visceral Sensory (bladder) Visceral Motor (cardiac, smooth muscle) ```

Question 31

Locations of ganglia

Answer 31

Sympathetic ganglia are located close to the spinal cord, Parasympathetic close to the target organs

Question 32

Mediators of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 32

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Question 33

Spinal cord origin of the Sympathetic NS

Answer 33

Thoracic and Lumbar regions

Question 34

Effects of the Sympathetic Nerves leaving the Sympathetic chain ganglia

Answer 34

``` Sweat glands Constriction of blood vessels Increase in blood to the skeletal muscles increase in HR and cardiac force Bronchodilation Stimulation of energy production ```

Question 35

Effects of the Sympathetic Nerves leaving the collateral ganglia

Answer 35

Innervate abdominal organs, causing: Reduction of blood flow to abdominal organs Decreased digestive activity relaxation of smooth muscle lining urinary bladder -release of glucose stores from the liver

Question 36

Endocrine effect of sympathetic stimulation

Answer 36

adrenal medulla releases 20%norepinephrine and 80% epinephrine, stimulating tissue not innervated by sympathetic nerves, prolonging effects

Question 37

Nerve roots serving the parasympathetic NS

Answer 37

Sacral region, cranial nerve (predominantly vagus)

Question 38

Nerves in which parasympathetic nerve fibres travel exiting the brainstem

Answer 38

CNIII- occulomotor nerve CN-VII- Facial Nerve CN-IX- glossopharyngeal Nerve CN-X- Vagus nerve

Question 39

Effects of parasympathetic NS stimulation

Answer 39

``` Pupillary constriction Secretion by digestive glands Reduction in HR and Cardiac force Bronchoconstriction increased smooth muscle activity along digestive tract Increased sexual stimulation ```

Question 40

Parasympathetic neurotransmitter

Answer 40

Acetocholine

Question 41

Somatic Neurotransmitter

Answer 41

Acetocholine

Question 42

Nicotinic-N-receptors

Answer 42

- A type of Acetocholine receptor in autonomic ganglia, where Ach acts as the presynaptic neurotransmitter for both sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

Question 43

Nicotinic-M-receptors

Answer 43

A type of Acetocholine receptor found at the meuromuscular junctions of the somatic nervous system

Question 44

Muscarinic receptors

Answer 44

A type of Acetocholine receptor found in many organs throughout the body and are primarily responsible for promoting the parasympathetic response

Question 45

Cranial nerve functions

Answer 45

``` I Olfactory II Optic III Occulomotor IV Trochlear V Trigeminal VI Abducens VII Facial VIII Vestibulocochlear IX Glossopharyngeal X Vagus XI Accessory XII Hypoglossal ```