CS200- Cells, skin, and cranium Flashcards
1
Q
Interstitial Space
A
The space outside the cells and the vascular system
2
Q
Most abundant cations
A
K+, Na+, Ca+, Mg+
3
Q
Most abundant Anions
A
Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-
4
Q
Cytosol
A
Clear fluid in the cytoplasm
5
Q
Thrombocyte
A
Platelet
6
Q
Cytokine
A
Protein Produced by WBC’s, instructs neighboring cells to respond in a genetically preprogrammed fashion
7
Q
Function of the smooth ER
A
Synthesizes Lipids
8
Q
Functions of the rough ER
A
Synthesizes proteins
9
Q
Function of the Golgi aparatus
A
Packages and secretes enzymes and mucus
10
Q
Persoxisomes
A
abundant in the liver, absorbc and neutralizes toxins
11
Q
Lysosomes
A
Contain digestive enzymes that protect against disease
12
Q
Endocrine Glands
A
Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Thymus Pancreas Adrenal Gonads Pineal
13
Q
Body Fluid Compartments
A
Intracellular- 75%
Extracellular- 25%
Interstitial- 17.5%
Intravascular- 7.5%
14
Q
Bicarbonate Buffer System
A
H+ + HCO3- — H2CO3 — CO2 +H2O
15
Q
Sebacious Glands
A
Within the dermis, produces sebum and secretes it onto the surface of the skin or onto hair follicles
16
Q
Sudoriferous Glands
A
Within the dermis, secrete sweat
17
Q
Subcutaneous Tissue (Hypodermis)
A
Tissue underlying the dermis
Rich and fatty, helps absorb impact, conserves body temp
Blood goes over or under to conserve or release body heat
18
Q
Blood % of body weight
A
6%
19
Q
ml blood/kg body weight
A
80-85
20
Q
Erythropoietin
A
Produced mostly in kidneys, stimulates the production of Erythrocytes (RBCs) in bone marrow
21
Q
Hemoglobin: O2 capacity
A
1g can carry 1.34ml O2
22
Q
Homoglobin: affinity decreases as
A
Temp Rises PO2 lowers PCO2 rises pH decreases Conc of 2,3-DPG (2,3-disphosphoglycerate increases)
23
Q
RBC Life Span
A
120 days
24
Q
hematocrit (and conc)
A
The packed cell volume of RBC’s per unit blood (generally 40-53%)
25
3 categories of Leukocytes
Granulocytes, Monocytes, Lymphocytes
26
chemotaxis
the movement of leukocytes in response to chemical signals
27
3 Types of mainblasts (and mature forms)
Myeloblasts- Granulocytes
Monoblasts- Monocytes
Lymphoblasts- Lymphocytes
28
3 types of Granulocytes and their functions
Basophils- basic, blue, store histamine with which to respond to allergic reactions.
Eosinophiles- Acidic, red. Inactivate mediators of acute allergic reaction, controlling anaphalactic response
Neutrophils- pale blue and pink. fight infection via phagocytosis
29
Monocytes
Category of Leukocytes. collect trash, stimulate granulocyte production
30
Lymphocytes
Category of Leukocytes. Primary cells involved in immune response. Highly specialized, contain receptors for specific foreign proteins. T cells and B cells
31
T cells
Category of Lymphocyte (leukocyte). Mature in Thymus gland. Cellular immunity, reject transplants
32
B cells
Category of Lymphocyte (leukocyte). Humoral Immunity. Produce antibodies to combat infection, originate in bone marrow.
33
Three mechanisms that work to control blood loss
Platelets (plugging)
vascular spasms
Stable Fibrin Blood Clots (coagulation
34
Fibrinolysis
the process through which plasmin dismantles a blood clot
35
thrombosis
the formation of a blood clot
36
galea aponeurotica
connective tissue covering the superior surface of the head
37
areolar tissue
loose connective tissue below the apo neurotica containing veins, could be route for infection in scalp wounds
38
Describe the structure of a hair follicle
Hair develops from the base of the hair follicle, where it is nourished by the papilla, a vast capillary network
39
Describe the structure of nails
Nails are made up of the nail plate, the nail bed, the proximal nail fold and the nail root
40
Identify the three layers of the skin
epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer
41
Periosteum
Below the areolar tissue, on the surface of the head
42
SCALP
Skin, Connective tissue, aponeurotica, layer of subaponeurotica (areolar) tissue Periosteum
43
Meninges
3 layers separating cranium and brain
| Dura Mater, Arachnoid Membrane, Pia mater
44
Dura Mater
Outer layer of meninges, tough connective tissue
45
Arachnoid Membrane
middle layer of meninges, suspends the brain with web structure, subarachnoid space filled with CSF
46
Pia Mater
Layer of meninges close to brain or cord, highly vascular, supplying superficial areas of brain
47
Medium through which nutrients and waste are diffused in and out of the brain
CSF
48
Frontal cerebral function
personality
49
parietal cerebral function
motor and sensory activities, memory and emotions
50
occipital cerebral function
sight
51
Falx cerebri
the fibrous sheet separating cerebral hemispheres
52
tentorium incisura
the opening in the tentorium cerebella through which the brain stem perforates
53
tentorium cerebella
fibrous sheet separating the cerebrum from the cerebellum
54
CN-III
occulomotor nerve, controls pupil size
| Runs along tentorium cerebellum, likely to be compressed as ICP rises, causing pupillary disturbances
55
Components of the brain stem (top to bottom)
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla ablongata
56
Endocrine glands within the midbrain
Hypothalamus, Thalamus
57
Functions of the Hypothalamus
Endocrine function, vomiting, hunger, thirst, kidney function, emotion, temp
58
Functions of the Thalamus
Switched control between Pons and Cerebellum
| Critical element of the Reticular Activating System
59
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
Nervous tissues maintaining a state of conciousness
60
Pons
communication center between the cerebellum, cerebrum, midbrain, and spinal cord
61
Medulla Ablongata
Contains Respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor centers
| presents as a bulge on top of the spinal cord
62
four arteries providing blood flow to the brain
2 internal carotid arteries (anterior)
2 vertebral arteries (posterior)
They join at the base of the skull, interconnecting through the Circle of Willis
63
Circle of Willis
where the arteries supplying blood to the brain enter the brain
64
CPP
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure- pressure moving blood through the brain
CPP (must be >40mmHg) = MAP (normally> 50mmHg) - ICP (Normally <10mmHg)
65
MAP
Mean Arterial Pressure. BP +1/3 pulse pressue
| Usually >50mmHg
66
Pinna
The outer, visible portion of the ear
67
Semicircular Canals
three rings in the inner ear, sense head motion and provide positional sensing for the body
68
Vitreous Humor
Clear fluid filling the posterior chamber of the eye (gives the eye it's shape)
69
Aqueous Humor
Clear fluid filling the anterior chamber of the eye
70
Retina
light sensing tissue lining the posterior chamber of the eye
71
Iris
Muscular, pigmented portion controlling pupil size
72
Pupil
Dark opening in the center of the iris
73
Sclera
The exposed white of the eye
74
Cornea
thin, delicate layer covering the pupil and the iris
75
conjunctiva
mucus membrane that lines the eyelids
76
Lacrimal fluid
Liquid lubricating the eye, providing O2 and nutrients to the cornea
77
of teeth an adult has
32
78
3 sections of the pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx
79
origins of the carotid arteries
right- brachiocephalic artery
| Left- Aorta
80
Thyroid gland location
over the trachea just below cricoid cartilage
81
brachial plexus
network of nerves in the lower neck and shoulders responsible for lower arm and hand functions
82
of vertebrae in each section of the spinal column
```
Cervical-7
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar- 5
Sacral-5
Coccygeal- 3-5
Total- 32-34
```
