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CS200 > CS200- Cells, skin, and cranium > Flashcards

CS200- Cells, skin, and cranium Flashcards

1
Q

Interstitial Space

A

The space outside the cells and the vascular system

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2
Q

Most abundant cations

A

K+, Na+, Ca+, Mg+

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3
Q

Most abundant Anions

A

Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-

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4
Q

Cytosol

A

Clear fluid in the cytoplasm

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5
Q

Thrombocyte

A

Platelet

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6
Q

Cytokine

A

Protein Produced by WBC’s, instructs neighboring cells to respond in a genetically preprogrammed fashion

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7
Q

Function of the smooth ER

A

Synthesizes Lipids

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8
Q

Functions of the rough ER

A

Synthesizes proteins

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9
Q

Function of the Golgi aparatus

A

Packages and secretes enzymes and mucus

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10
Q

Persoxisomes

A

abundant in the liver, absorbc and neutralizes toxins

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11
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain digestive enzymes that protect against disease

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12
Q

Endocrine Glands

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Pancreas
Adrenal
Gonads
Pineal
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13
Q

Body Fluid Compartments

A

Intracellular- 75%
Extracellular- 25%
Interstitial- 17.5%
Intravascular- 7.5%

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14
Q

Bicarbonate Buffer System

A

H+ + HCO3- — H2CO3 — CO2 +H2O

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15
Q

Sebacious Glands

A

Within the dermis, produces sebum and secretes it onto the surface of the skin or onto hair follicles

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16
Q

Sudoriferous Glands

A

Within the dermis, secrete sweat

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17
Q

Subcutaneous Tissue (Hypodermis)

A

Tissue underlying the dermis
Rich and fatty, helps absorb impact, conserves body temp
Blood goes over or under to conserve or release body heat

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18
Q

Blood % of body weight

A

6%

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19
Q

ml blood/kg body weight

A

80-85

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20
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Produced mostly in kidneys, stimulates the production of Erythrocytes (RBCs) in bone marrow

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21
Q

Hemoglobin: O2 capacity

A

1g can carry 1.34ml O2

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22
Q

Homoglobin: affinity decreases as

A 
Temp Rises
PO2 lowers
PCO2 rises
pH decreases
Conc of 2,3-DPG (2,3-disphosphoglycerate increases)
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23
Q

RBC Life Span

A

120 days

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24
Q

hematocrit (and conc)

A

The packed cell volume of RBC’s per unit blood (generally 40-53%)

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25
Q

3 categories of Leukocytes

A

Granulocytes, Monocytes, Lymphocytes

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26
Q

chemotaxis

A

the movement of leukocytes in response to chemical signals

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27
Q

3 Types of mainblasts (and mature forms)

A

Myeloblasts- Granulocytes
Monoblasts- Monocytes
Lymphoblasts- Lymphocytes

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28
Q

3 types of Granulocytes and their functions

A

Basophils- basic, blue, store histamine with which to respond to allergic reactions.
Eosinophiles- Acidic, red. Inactivate mediators of acute allergic reaction, controlling anaphalactic response
Neutrophils- pale blue and pink. fight infection via phagocytosis

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29
Q

Monocytes

A

Category of Leukocytes. collect trash, stimulate granulocyte production

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30
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Category of Leukocytes. Primary cells involved in immune response. Highly specialized, contain receptors for specific foreign proteins. T cells and B cells

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31
Q

T cells

A

Category of Lymphocyte (leukocyte). Mature in Thymus gland. Cellular immunity, reject transplants

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32
Q

B cells

A

Category of Lymphocyte (leukocyte). Humoral Immunity. Produce antibodies to combat infection, originate in bone marrow.

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33
Q

Three mechanisms that work to control blood loss

A

Platelets (plugging)
vascular spasms
Stable Fibrin Blood Clots (coagulation

34
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

the process through which plasmin dismantles a blood clot

35
Q

thrombosis

A

the formation of a blood clot

36
Q

galea aponeurotica

A

connective tissue covering the superior surface of the head

37
Q

areolar tissue

A

loose connective tissue below the apo neurotica containing veins, could be route for infection in scalp wounds

38
Q

Describe the structure of a hair follicle

A

Hair develops from the base of the hair follicle, where it is nourished by the papilla, a vast capillary network

39
Q

Describe the structure of nails

A

Nails are made up of the nail plate, the nail bed, the proximal nail fold and the nail root

40
Q

Identify the three layers of the skin

A

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer

41
Q

Periosteum

A

Below the areolar tissue, on the surface of the head

42
Q

SCALP

A

Skin, Connective tissue, aponeurotica, layer of subaponeurotica (areolar) tissue Periosteum

43
Q

Meninges

A

3 layers separating cranium and brain

Dura Mater, Arachnoid Membrane, Pia mater

44
Q

Dura Mater

A

Outer layer of meninges, tough connective tissue

45
Q

Arachnoid Membrane

A

middle layer of meninges, suspends the brain with web structure, subarachnoid space filled with CSF

46
Q

Pia Mater

A

Layer of meninges close to brain or cord, highly vascular, supplying superficial areas of brain

47
Q

Medium through which nutrients and waste are diffused in and out of the brain

A

CSF

48
Q

Frontal cerebral function

A

personality

49
Q

parietal cerebral function

A

motor and sensory activities, memory and emotions

50
Q

occipital cerebral function

A

sight

51
Q

Falx cerebri

A

the fibrous sheet separating cerebral hemispheres

52
Q

tentorium incisura

A

the opening in the tentorium cerebella through which the brain stem perforates

53
Q

tentorium cerebella

A

fibrous sheet separating the cerebrum from the cerebellum

54
Q

CN-III

A

occulomotor nerve, controls pupil size

Runs along tentorium cerebellum, likely to be compressed as ICP rises, causing pupillary disturbances

55
Q

Components of the brain stem (top to bottom)

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla ablongata

56
Q

Endocrine glands within the midbrain

A

Hypothalamus, Thalamus

57
Q

Functions of the Hypothalamus

A

Endocrine function, vomiting, hunger, thirst, kidney function, emotion, temp

58
Q

Functions of the Thalamus

A

Switched control between Pons and Cerebellum

Critical element of the Reticular Activating System

59
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A

Nervous tissues maintaining a state of conciousness

60
Q

Pons

A

communication center between the cerebellum, cerebrum, midbrain, and spinal cord

61
Q

Medulla Ablongata

A

Contains Respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor centers

presents as a bulge on top of the spinal cord

62
Q

four arteries providing blood flow to the brain

A

2 internal carotid arteries (anterior)
2 vertebral arteries (posterior)
They join at the base of the skull, interconnecting through the Circle of Willis

63
Q

Circle of Willis

A

where the arteries supplying blood to the brain enter the brain

64
Q

CPP

A

Cerebral Perfusion Pressure- pressure moving blood through the brain
CPP (must be >40mmHg) = MAP (normally> 50mmHg) - ICP (Normally <10mmHg)

65
Q

MAP

A

Mean Arterial Pressure. BP +1/3 pulse pressue

Usually >50mmHg

66
Q

Pinna

A

The outer, visible portion of the ear

67
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

three rings in the inner ear, sense head motion and provide positional sensing for the body

68
Q

Vitreous Humor

A

Clear fluid filling the posterior chamber of the eye (gives the eye it’s shape)

69
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

Clear fluid filling the anterior chamber of the eye

70
Q

Retina

A

light sensing tissue lining the posterior chamber of the eye

71
Q

Iris

A

Muscular, pigmented portion controlling pupil size

72
Q

Pupil

A

Dark opening in the center of the iris

73
Q

Sclera

A

The exposed white of the eye

74
Q

Cornea

A

thin, delicate layer covering the pupil and the iris

75
Q

conjunctiva

A

mucus membrane that lines the eyelids

76
Q

Lacrimal fluid

A

Liquid lubricating the eye, providing O2 and nutrients to the cornea

77
Q

of teeth an adult has

A

32

78
Q

3 sections of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx

79
Q

origins of the carotid arteries

A

right- brachiocephalic artery

Left- Aorta

80
Q

Thyroid gland location

A

over the trachea just below cricoid cartilage

81
Q

brachial plexus

A

network of nerves in the lower neck and shoulders responsible for lower arm and hand functions

82
Q

of vertebrae in each section of the spinal column

A 
Cervical-7
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar- 5
Sacral-5
Coccygeal- 3-5
Total- 32-34

CS200 (9 decks)

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