CS200- Other things

Question 1

Chronotropic

Answer 1

Factors effecting the heart rate

Question 2

Inotropic

Answer 2

Factors affecting cardiac force

Question 3

Maximum capacity for glucose retention

Answer 3

10mmol/L, or 180mg/dL

Question 4

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 4

Too few platelets. (healthy range 150,000 - 450,000)

Question 5

Thrombocytosis

Answer 5

Too many platelets (normal range 150,000 - 450,000)

Question 6

Extrinsic pathway to the coagulation cascade

Answer 6

Cascade initiated by damage to blood vessels

Question 7

Intrinsic pathway to the coagulation cascade

Answer 7

Cascade initiated by trauma to blood from turbulence within the vessel

Question 8

Production site of most clotting proteins (examples)

Answer 8

Liver

prothrombin, fibrinogen

Question 9

Summarize the coagulation cascade

Answer 9

1. Intrinsic pathway or extrinsic pathway lead to platelet aggregation and formation of prothrombin activator
2. Common pathway- The prothrombin activator, in the presence of Ca, converts prothrombin to thrombin
3. Thrombin- In the presence of Ca, thrombin converts fibrinogen to stable fibrin, which then traps blood cells and more platelets to form a clot

Question 10

Common Pathway

Answer 10

The prothrombin activator, in the presence of Ca, converts prothrombin to thrombin

Question 11

Function of Thrombin

Answer 11

In the presence of Ca, thrombin converts fibrinogen to stable fibrin, which then traps blood cells and more platelets to form a clot

Question 12

plasminogen

Answer 12

Released once a fibrin clot is formed.

-Converted to plasmin, and lyses the clot through fibrinolysis

Question 13

Fibrinolysis

Answer 13

The dismantling of a clot by plasmin. Generally takes hours to days.

Question 14

Thrombosis

Answer 14

Clot formation, via the coagulation cascade. May lead to heart attack or stroke

Question 15

Medications that decrease a platelet’s ability to aggregate

Answer 15

Aspirin, dipyridamole (Persantine), ticlopidine (Ticlid)

Question 16

Medications that prevent clot formation via changes within the coagulation cascade

Answer 16

Heparin- Rapidly inactivates thrombin

Warfarin-blocks vitamin K activity necessary to generate activated clotting factors

Question 17

Factors that enhance clotting

Answer 17

Vitamin K, tobacco smoking (especially pregnant females), immobility, trauma, polycythemia (high RBC count) and cancer

Question 18

functions of the thalamus

Answer 18

Switching center between the pons and the cerebrum, and is critical element in the RAS

Question 19

Area for speech

Answer 19

Temporal lobe of cerebrum

Question 20

Area for vision

Answer 20

occipital cortex of cerebrum

Question 21

Area for Personality and Motor

Answer 21

Frontal lobes of cerebrum

Question 22

Area for balance, coordination

Answer 22

Cerebellum

Question 23

Area for sensory

Answer 23

Parietal lobe of cerebrum

Question 24

Bile pathway

Answer 24

Made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, deposited through the bile duct into the duodenum

Question 25

average glomerular filtration rate

Answer 25

180L/day, enough for 60 full plasma passages

Question 26

Cervical Nerve plexus | Origin, Nerve, Control, and result of injury

Answer 26

C-1-5 Phrenic Nerve Diaphragm control Respiratory paralysis

Question 27

Lumbar Nerve plexus | Origin, Nerve, Control, and result of injury

Answer 27

T-12-L-4 Femoral Nerve- Lower abdomen, thighs; inability to extend leg/flex hip Obturator nerve- abductor muscles, medial thigh; decrease in usage

Question 28

Sacral Nerve plexus | Origin, Nerve, Control, and result of injury

Answer 28

L-4-S-3 | Sciatic Nerve- Lower extremety; decreased usage

Question 29

Brachial Nerve plexus | Origin, Nerves, control

Answer 29

``` C-5-C-8, T-1 Axillary- deltoid/shoulder skin Radial- Triceps/forearm Median- flexor muscles, forearm, arm Musculocutaneous- flexor muscles of arm Ulnar- wrist/hand ```

Question 30

Polycythemia

Answer 30

Unusually high hematocrit level

Question 31

Emphysema

Answer 31

A condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness

Question 32

Erythrocytosis

Answer 32

An increase in the number of red blood cells (absolute number, as opposed to Polycythemia whic is % of blood). Also called erythrocythemia

Question 33

Vasoocclusive crisis

Answer 33

A common complication from sickle cell anemia (A condition common among people of African origin). It occurs when the circulation of blood vessels is obstructed by sickled red blood cells, causing ischemic injuries. The most common complaint is of pain, and recurrent episodes may cause irreversible organ damage

Question 34

syncope

Answer 34

Loss of conciousness ('syncopal episode')

Question 35

dyspnea

Answer 35

Difficult or labored breathing

Question 36

Hemophilia

Answer 36

the ability of the blood to clot is severely reduced, often due to lack of factor VIII

Question 37

Lymphoma

Answer 37

Cancer of the lymph nodes

Question 38

myeloma

Answer 38

A malignant tumor of the bone marrow

Question 39

thrombocytopenia

Answer 39

deficiency of platelets in the blood

Question 40

Von Willebrand's Disease

Answer 40

the most common hereditary coagulation abnormality in humans. It arises from a deficiency of von Willebrand factor (vWF), which is required for platelet adhesion.

Question 41

hypoxia vs hypoxemia

Answer 41

Hypoxia- Not enough oxygen reaching a tissue | Hypoxemia- Abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood

Question 42

The two types of sympathetic receptors

Answer 42

Adrenergic (alpha 1, 2, beta 1, 2) and dopaminergic

Question 43

stimulation of alpha 1 receptors

Answer 43

peripheral vasoconstriction, stimulation of metabolism

Question 44

Stimulation of alpha 2 receptors

Answer 44

inhibit release of norepinephrine when adequate level is achieved

Question 45

Stimulation of beta 1 receptors

Answer 45

increase HR, Cardiac force, automaticity, and conduction

Question 46

Stimulation of beta 2 receptors

Answer 46

vasodilation and bronchodilation

Question 47

Corticospinal tract

Answer 47

The important descending tract, responsible for voluntary and fine muscle movement on the ipsilateral side of the body

Question 48

% of body weight that is water

Answer 48

60%

Question 49

Hyperplasia

Answer 49

Increase in number of cells

Question 50

Metaplasia

Answer 50

Cell type conversion, a cell doing the job of another cell type

Question 51

Hypoplasia

Answer 51

Too few cells

Question 52

Hypertrophy

Answer 52

Increase in cell size

Question 53

Fistula

Answer 53

abnormal connection between two epithelium lined organs that do not normally connect