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CS200 > CS200- The Respiratory System > Flashcards

CS200- The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Four pairs of sinuses

A

Ethmoid sinuses
Frontal sinuses
Maxillary sinuses
Sphenoid sinuses

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2
Q

Eustachian Tubes

A

Auditory tubes connecting the ear with the nasal cavity, and allowing for equalization of pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane

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3
Q

Nasolacrimal ducts

A

Drain tears and debris from the eyes into the nasal cavity

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4
Q

openings of the pharynx

A

internal nares mouth, larynx, and esopgagus

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5
Q

Three regions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharyns
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx (hypopharynx)

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6
Q

Vallecula

A

A fold formed by the base of the tongue and the epiglottis

-Important landmark for endotracheal intubation

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7
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

Adam’s apple

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8
Q

Arytenoid cartilage

A

Posterior to the Thyroid cartilage, forms the posterior attachment for vocal cords, important landmark for endotracheal intubation

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9
Q

Glottis

A

glottic opening, the narrowest part of the adult trachea, bordered by vocal cords.
Directly behind the addam’s apple

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10
Q

Pyriform fossae

A

located on either side of the glottis. They form the lateral borders of the larynx

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11
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

Inferior border of the Larynx.

Narrowest part of the airway in children

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12
Q

Sellick’s Manoeuver

A

Pressure is applied in a posterior direction to the anterior cricoid cartilage, inhibiting vomiting and subsequent aspiration during airway management

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13
Q

Cricothyroid Membrane

A

Connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages.

-The site for surgical airway techniques.

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14
Q

Location of the thyroid gland

A

Just inferior to the cricoid cartilage

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15
Q

Trachea

A

10-12cm tube connecting larynx to the mainstem bronchi

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16
Q

Carina

A

Point at which the trachea divides into the left and right mainstem bronchi

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17
Q

Physical description of the bronchi, and effects

A

Left- branches to the left
Right- Straight
Result- Aspirated substances usually end up in the right, and when the endotrachial tube is overinserted, it inflates only the right lung

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18
Q

Atelectasis, and it’s prevention

A

collapse of the alveoli. Prevented by the presence of surfactant, a chemical which decreases surface tension

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19
Q

Parenchyma

A

The principle parts of an organ

20
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Inner layer of connective tissue covering the lungs

-Do not contain nerve fibrs

21
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

Outside lung layer which lines the thoracic cavity, contains nerve fibres

22
Q

pleurisy

A

common cause of chest pain in smokers, inflammation of the pleura

23
Q

Distinct features of the pediatric airway

A

Tongue is relatively larger

  • Epiglottis is floppier and rounder
  • Larynx is more superior and anterior
  • Before age 10, cricoids cartilage is the narrowest part of the airway
  • Swelling can easily be life threatening
  • breathing is more diaphragm dependant
24
Q

Ventilation

A

The mechanical process that moves air in and out of the lungs

25
Q

PA

A

Alveolar Partial Pressure

26
Q

Pa

A

Arterial Partial Preassure

27
Q

Factors that can affect O2 saturation in the blood

A

Decreased hemoglobin concentration (anemia, hemorrhage)

  • inadequate alveolar ventilation
  • Decreased diffusion across pulmonary membranes
  • Ventilation/perfusion mismatch (hypoventilation, pneumothorax, hemothorax)
28
Q

FiO2

A

Concentration of oxygen in inspired air

29
Q

3 factors affecting CO2 concentration

A

Hyperventilation (lowers CO2)
Increased CO2 production (fever, exercise)
Decreased CO2 elimination (respiratory depression, airway obstruction, obstructive diseases)

30
Q

location of the main sympathetic respiratory centre, and its nervous control

A

Medulla ablongata, vagus nerve

31
Q

apneustic centre

A

Located in the pons, backup respiratory control centre

32
Q

pneumotaxic centre

A

Located in the pons, controls expiration

33
Q

Hering-Brewer reflex

A

Stretch receptors in the lungs fire inhibitory signals to the medulla upon stretching. Prevents overexpansion of the lungs

34
Q

The primary control for respiratory center stimulation (and the neuroregulatory control for respirations)

A 
CSF pH  (increase in PaCO2 = decrease in pH)
CO2  +  H2O --  H2CO3 --  H+   +   HCO3-

So, neuroregulatory control is PaCO2

35
Q

Respiratory rates for adults, children, and infants

A

12-20, 18-24, 40-60

36
Q

TLC

A

Total lung capacity, normally ~6L for adult male

37
Q

Vt

A

Tidal Volume- average volume inhaled or exhaled in one cycle. ~500ml for adult male

38
Q

Vd

A

Dead Space Volume
amount of tidal volume that remains in air passageways, unavailable for exchange.
~150ml for adult male

39
Q

Va

A

Alveolar Volume
amount of gas in tidal volume that reaches alveoli for exchange
Va = Vt-Vd (~350ml)

40
Q

Vmin

A

Minute volume
Gas moved in and out of respiratory tract in one minute
Vmin = Vt x RespRate (6-10L)

41
Q

Vamin

A

Alveolar minute volume- amount of gas reaching the alveoli in one minute
Vamin = (Vt - Vd) x Resp rate

42
Q

IRV

A

Inspiratory reserve volume- air that can be exhaled after a normal inspiration

43
Q

ERV

A

Expiratory reserve volume- amount that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation

44
Q

RV

A

Residual volume- Air remaining in lungs after a maximal expiration

45
Q

FRC

A

Functional Residual Capacity- gas that remains in the lungs after a normal expiration (ERV+RV)

46
Q

FEV

A

Forced expiratory volume- air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration

CS200 (9 decks)

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