CS200- The Respiratory System

Question 1

Four pairs of sinuses

Answer 1

Ethmoid sinuses
Frontal sinuses
Maxillary sinuses
Sphenoid sinuses

Question 2

Eustachian Tubes

Answer 2

Auditory tubes connecting the ear with the nasal cavity, and allowing for equalization of pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane

Question 3

Nasolacrimal ducts

Answer 3

Drain tears and debris from the eyes into the nasal cavity

Question 4

openings of the pharynx

Answer 4

internal nares mouth, larynx, and esopgagus

Question 5

Three regions of the pharynx

Answer 5

Nasopharyns
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx (hypopharynx)

Question 6

Vallecula

Answer 6

A fold formed by the base of the tongue and the epiglottis

-Important landmark for endotracheal intubation

Question 7

Thyroid cartilage

Answer 7

Adam’s apple

Question 8

Arytenoid cartilage

Answer 8

Posterior to the Thyroid cartilage, forms the posterior attachment for vocal cords, important landmark for endotracheal intubation

Question 9

Glottis

Answer 9

glottic opening, the narrowest part of the adult trachea, bordered by vocal cords.
Directly behind the addam’s apple

Question 10

Pyriform fossae

Answer 10

located on either side of the glottis. They form the lateral borders of the larynx

Question 11

Cricoid cartilage

Answer 11

Inferior border of the Larynx.

Narrowest part of the airway in children

Question 12

Sellick’s Manoeuver

Answer 12

Pressure is applied in a posterior direction to the anterior cricoid cartilage, inhibiting vomiting and subsequent aspiration during airway management

Question 13

Cricothyroid Membrane

Answer 13

Connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages.

-The site for surgical airway techniques.

Question 14

Location of the thyroid gland

Answer 14

Just inferior to the cricoid cartilage

Question 15

Trachea

Answer 15

10-12cm tube connecting larynx to the mainstem bronchi

Question 16

Carina

Answer 16

Point at which the trachea divides into the left and right mainstem bronchi

Question 17

Physical description of the bronchi, and effects

Answer 17

Left- branches to the left
Right- Straight
Result- Aspirated substances usually end up in the right, and when the endotrachial tube is overinserted, it inflates only the right lung

Question 18

Atelectasis, and it’s prevention

Answer 18

collapse of the alveoli. Prevented by the presence of surfactant, a chemical which decreases surface tension

Question 19

Parenchyma

Answer 19

The principle parts of an organ

Question 20

Visceral pleura

Answer 20

Inner layer of connective tissue covering the lungs

-Do not contain nerve fibrs

Question 21

Parietal Pleura

Answer 21

Outside lung layer which lines the thoracic cavity, contains nerve fibres

Question 22

pleurisy

Answer 22

common cause of chest pain in smokers, inflammation of the pleura

Question 23

Distinct features of the pediatric airway

Answer 23

Tongue is relatively larger

• Epiglottis is floppier and rounder
• Larynx is more superior and anterior
• Before age 10, cricoids cartilage is the narrowest part of the airway
• Swelling can easily be life threatening
• breathing is more diaphragm dependant

Question 24

Ventilation

Answer 24

The mechanical process that moves air in and out of the lungs

Question 25

PA

Answer 25

Alveolar Partial Pressure

Question 26

Pa

Answer 26

Arterial Partial Preassure

Question 27

Factors that can affect O2 saturation in the blood

Answer 27

Decreased hemoglobin concentration (anemia, hemorrhage) - inadequate alveolar ventilation - Decreased diffusion across pulmonary membranes - Ventilation/perfusion mismatch (hypoventilation, pneumothorax, hemothorax)

Question 28

FiO2

Answer 28

Concentration of oxygen in inspired air

Question 29

3 factors affecting CO2 concentration

Answer 29

Hyperventilation (lowers CO2) Increased CO2 production (fever, exercise) Decreased CO2 elimination (respiratory depression, airway obstruction, obstructive diseases)

Question 30

location of the main sympathetic respiratory centre, and its nervous control

Answer 30

Medulla ablongata, vagus nerve

Question 31

apneustic centre

Answer 31

Located in the pons, backup respiratory control centre

Question 32

pneumotaxic centre

Answer 32

Located in the pons, controls expiration

Question 33

Hering-Brewer reflex

Answer 33

Stretch receptors in the lungs fire inhibitory signals to the medulla upon stretching. Prevents overexpansion of the lungs

Question 34

The primary control for respiratory center stimulation (and the neuroregulatory control for respirations)

Answer 34

``` CSF pH (increase in PaCO2 = decrease in pH) CO2 + H2O -- H2CO3 -- H+ + HCO3- ``` So, neuroregulatory control is PaCO2

Question 35

Respiratory rates for adults, children, and infants

Answer 35

12-20, 18-24, 40-60

Question 36

TLC

Answer 36

Total lung capacity, normally ~6L for adult male

Question 37

Vt

Answer 37

Tidal Volume- average volume inhaled or exhaled in one cycle. ~500ml for adult male

Question 38

Vd

Answer 38

Dead Space Volume amount of tidal volume that remains in air passageways, unavailable for exchange. ~150ml for adult male

Question 39

Va

Answer 39

Alveolar Volume amount of gas in tidal volume that reaches alveoli for exchange Va = Vt-Vd (~350ml)

Question 40

Vmin

Answer 40

Minute volume Gas moved in and out of respiratory tract in one minute Vmin = Vt x RespRate (6-10L)

Question 41

Vamin

Answer 41

Alveolar minute volume- amount of gas reaching the alveoli in one minute Vamin = (Vt - Vd) x Resp rate

Question 42

IRV

Answer 42

Inspiratory reserve volume- air that can be exhaled after a normal inspiration

Question 43

ERV

Answer 43

Expiratory reserve volume- amount that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation

Question 44

RV

Answer 44

Residual volume- Air remaining in lungs after a maximal expiration

Question 45

FRC

Answer 45

Functional Residual Capacity- gas that remains in the lungs after a normal expiration (ERV+RV)

Question 46

FEV

Answer 46

Forced expiratory volume- air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration