Culture and Gender

Question 1

Sherif

Answer 1

• Androcentric - may not apply to females
  Both turkish and american cultures so may have interpreted findings with varied undertsanding if cultural differences OTOH likely to interpret findings using individualistic outlook so may have been eurocentric

Question 2

Social

Answer 2

Milgram’s research androcentric so agency theory may not apply to females as developed based on original study and varations, only one included females OTOH Burger showed women had equal levels of obedience and he looked for differences between both genders so notnguilty of BETA bias
Procedure e.g shock generator may be an ethnocentric methodology
Sherif - used atsks like counting beans and tug of war applicable to both individualistic and collectivist cultures

Question 3

Baddeley

Answer 3

Sample uses both males and females so encoding may apply to both
Ethnocentric sample (American)
Theories of memory considered universal so shouldnt be affected too much about gender and culture

Question 4

Cognitive

Answer 4

Reconstructive Memory - can be affected by gender and culture as schemas may be different for different groups so impacts memories however theory probably very similar
HM shows hippocampus makes new LTM so wouldnt expect much difference between gender and culture
Schmolck shows the same thing about the location of semantic memory
Sherif used more focused procedures like baseball and tug of war with reward of pocket knives making generelisation about prejudice to everyone so beta bias in his work.

Question 5

Raine

Answer 5

Biological things shouldnt be affected by culture too much because it’s biological
Brain activity shouldnt be different between culture and gender as biologically based however amygdala levels vary between gender due to testosterone influence
Sample of 41ppt and 40 controls ethnocentric (US) so findings for spnaish people (pronunciation of numbers takes longer) so encoding might be too

Question 6

Biological

Answer 6

Hormones - aggression levels differ between genders (testosterone exposure in the womb)
Brendgen tried to look for gender differences but didnt have enough of sample to do so. He did ifnd gender differences but not statistically significant.
Brendgen ethnocentric (US)

Question 7

Watson and Rayner

Answer 7

• CC works with animals so should be fairly universal across gender and culture
• Only from US so how we develop phobic responses might not apply to other cultures
• Only used male sample

Question 8

Learning

Answer 8

Becker was gender biased as only used females from fiji so little evidence about how media influences disrdered eating in boys
Bandura used both males and females and looked for differences between them so certainly not beta biased - found that boys played with toy gun more than girls. and males had higher aggression levels than females.