Culture varation + SS

Question 1

Collectivist culture vs individualist culture

Answer 1

Emphasises importance of group
Depend on each other
Work together, shares tasks: childcare, belongings

Values independence

Question 2

Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg: AIM

Answer 2

Investigate reported rates of different types of attachment ACROSS cultures and WITHIN

Question 3

Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg: Procedure

Answer 3

2000 ss in 8 countries
Observed
mother + infant pairs
classified infants into 3 types

Question 4

Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg: Findings

Answer 4

Secure attachment MOST COMMON across all 8

Insecure-avoidant next: NOT Israel + Japan

Variation WITHIN was 1.5x greater than BETWEEN cultures

Supports secure = norm + healthy for development

Cross-culture similarities support view that attachment = innate + biologically/ evolutionary process

Question 5

Culture similarities

Answer 5

Research studied African tribe, live in family groups
Infants breastfed and looked after by other mothers, slept with own mother at night
Still showed one primary attachment at 6 months

Question 6

Culture differences

Answer 6

German infants tend to be insecurely attached in ss
Difference in childrearing patterns
German culture - interpersonal distance, no proximity seeking, insecurely attached

Japan
No avoidant, high rates of resistant
Very distressed when left alone - 90% had study stopped
Rarely experience separation from mothers
Appear more insecure

Question 7

Conclusion

Answer 7

Strongest attachment with infants mothers
difference in patterns of attachment - culture attitudes/ practices

Question 8

Culture variation AO3

Answer 8

Findings based on countries not cultures
Drew on culture differences but investigates countries
Depends if studied rural or urban area
e.g study in Tokyo URBAN
Found similar attachment types to western
Rural - insecure-resistant

High population validity
Representable
2000 infants, 32 ss samples
However
27 carried out in USA, indiv culture
5 in collectivism culture

Ethical issues
caused short-term stress for infants

Question 9

Strange situations

Answer 9

How (106 children) behave during mild-stress, separation from mother + stranger presence

5:
Proximity seeking
explorations and secure-base
stranger anxiety
separation anxiety
reunion

s - 66%
a - 22%
r - 12%

Question 10

Strange situations: AO3

Answer 10

Culture
western view e.g japan

reliability of observers
inter-interobserver reliability of 0.94
high agreement amongst observers

Improves children’s lives
The circle of security project teaches how to respond to infants needs based on secure attachments

Suggest another attachment type
watched over 200 tapes suggesting
4th type - insecure-disorganised
Children don’t conform to original attachment types, show mixture of secure + avoidant
suggests original conclusions = too simplistic
don’t show all types of attachment