CVM Week 8 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in CVM Week 8 Deck (36)
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0
Q

What does renin act on?

A

Acts on converting angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

1
Q

Where is renin secreted from?

A

The kidneys

2
Q

What does the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) act on?

A

Acts on converting angiotensin 1 into angiotensin II

3
Q

What are some roles of angiotensin II?

A

Vasoconstriction, stimulates ADH, stimulates aldosterone

4
Q

Another name for ADH is?

A

Vasopressin

5
Q

What causes the release of Artial Natriuretic Peptide?

A

When the wall of the right atrium is stretched

6
Q

What is the action of Artial Natriuretic Peptide on on kidneys?

A

Causes kidneys to excrete sodium and water in the urine, blood volume decreases, blood pressure decreases, stretch on right atrium is relieved

7
Q

List some risk factors for cardiovascular diseases? What are the two most common risk factors?

A

Smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, low fruit consumption, high alcohol consumption, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes.

Two most common are physical inactivity and poor diet

8
Q

In Australia, how many people have at least one cvd risk factor?

A

9/10

9
Q

What cardiovascular disease is the cause of 52% of deaths (out of the cardiovascular diseases)?

A

Coronary heart disease

10
Q

Describe absolute risk?

A

Risk of developing a disease over a time period.eg. risk of developing cancer within 5 years.

11
Q

Describe relative risk?

A

Compares the risk of two groups of people of developing a condition. EG. smokers vs. Non-smokers

12
Q

What does NNT mean?

A

Number needed to treat. Number of people needed to take the treatment for one person to benefit from the treatment

13
Q

List some modifiable risk parameters for cardiovascular disease?

A

Smoking, blood pressure, serum lipids, nutrition, physical activity level, alcohol intake, BMI

14
Q

List some non-modifiable risk parameters for cardiovascular disease?

A

Age,sex,family history, ethnicity, mental health

15
Q

When is mean arterial blood pressure considered to be hypertensive?

A

When it is above 100mmHg

16
Q

What is the formula for calculating MAP?

A

DP+(1/3xSP-DP)

17
Q

What is the SP and DP between for grade 1 hypertension?

A

SP: 140-159 and DP:90-99

18
Q

What is the SP and DP between for grade 2 hypertension?

A

SP: 160-179 and DP:100-109

19
Q

What is the SP and DP between for grade 3 hypertension?

A

SP: >180 and DP: >110

20
Q

What percentage of hypertension cases are primary/essential hypertension?

A

Approx 90%

21
Q

What is primary/essential hypertension correlated with?

A

high salt diet, drugs (nicotine, alcohol, other) family history, stress, diabetes, obesity, hypercholesterolaemia, atherosclerosis

22
Q

What is the cause of primary/essential hypertension?

A

TRICK QUESTION!!!! It is idiopathic!

23
Q

Whe does secondary hypertension occur?

A

It is secondary to another medical condition or mediation such as kidney disease, adrenal cortical disorders, oral contraceptives, cocaine, methamphetamines, sympathomimetic medications, erythropoietin

24
Q

Describe hypertensive crisis

A

Southern end extreme hypertension.

25
Q

What is the BP common with hypertensive emergency?

A

Over 180 mmHg for systolic pressure and over 120Hg for diastolic blood pressure with evidence of end organ damage

26
Q

What is the BP common with hypertensive urgency?

A

Over 180 mmHg for systolic pressure and over 100mmHg for diastolic blood pressure with NO evidence of end organ damage

27
Q

List of reasons why blood pressure varies as you get older?

A

Age related wearing tear is the primary cause, also atherosclerosis, loss of arterial elasticity, nicotine induced vascular damage.

28
Q

What could be considered normal BP for an adult over 65 years

A

150-85mmHg

29
Q

What are the steps of treating hypertension?

A

Determine if it is primary or secondary/pregnancy. Treat/manage pathology of pregnancy. First strategy is lifestyle modification. This includes salt or fat reduced diet,Weight loss, exercise, less alcohol consumption, smoking cessation.

30
Q

If blood pressure isn’t fixed by lifestyle modifications what can you do (five examples)

A

Add pharmacological interventions such as Ace inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, aldosterone receptor blockers, diuretics, calcium channel antagonists, alpha and beta receptor blockers

31
Q

Define circulatory shock?

A

Dramatic, haemodynamic and metabolic disturbances caused by inadequate blood supply and or oxygen delivery. May result from hypovolemia, cardiogenic effects, change in blood distribution

32
Q

List the three stages of shock?

A

Compensated, progressive, irreversible

33
Q

Describe compensated shock?

A

When the body attempts to compensate for reduced flow or oxygen delivery and can successfully restore bp to normal. Normally resolves within hours without any intervention

34
Q

Describe progressive shock?

A

Beyond a certain point, shock creates more shock. Compensatory mechanisms can no longer maintain sufficient BP to prevent cardiovascular deterioration of collapse.

35
Q

Describe irreversible Shock?

A

No therapy(eg transfusion,drugs, antibiotics) can prevent death due to irreversible tissue damage