CVS S6 - Control of the CVS Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in CVS S6 - Control of the CVS Deck (29)
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0
Q

What would happen if TPR rose and cardiac output remained constant?

A

Arterial pressure rises

Venous pressure falls

1
Q

What would happen if TPR fell and cardiac output remained constant?

A

Arterial pressure falls

Venous pressure rises

2
Q

What would happen if cardiac output rose and TPR remained constant?

A

Arterial pressure rises

Venous pressure falls

3
Q

What would happen if cardiac output fell and TPR remained constant?

A

Arterial pressure falls

Venous pressure rises

4
Q

Explain how the cardiovascular system is demand-led

A

TPR changes in response to metabolic demand (vasodilator metabolites)
Change in TPR alters arterial and venous pressure
The alteration causes change in cardiac output
This makes the system stable

5
Q

Define end diastolic volume

A

The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole

6
Q

Define end systolic volume

A

The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of systole

7
Q

Define stroke volume

A

The difference between end systolic volume and end diastolic volume

8
Q

What affects how much the ventricles refill in diastole?

A

Venous pressure - the higher the pressure in the great veins, the more the ventricles will refill

9
Q

Define pre-load

A

The end-diastolic stretch of the myocardium, determined by venous pressure

10
Q

Define after-load

A

The force necessary to expel the blood from the ventricles into arteries

11
Q

Explain Starling’s Law

A

It states that the more the ventricles fill, the harder they contract. The harder they contract, the greater the stroke volume.
Simplified: more in, more out.

24
Q

Define contractility

A

The stroke volume for a given venous pressure

NOT force of contraction

25
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect contractility?

A

Contractility is increased by sympathetic stimulation

Therefore sympathetic activity causes the heart to be more susceptible to venous pressure

26
Q

How does the cardiovascular system respond to haemorrhage?

A

Reduced blood volume lowers venous pressure
So cardiac output falls
So arterial pressure falls
Baroreceptors detect this
Medulla causes increased heart rate
This further reduces venous pressure
System unstable, problem worsens as HR increases and venous pressure decreases

27
Q

How can the cardiovascular system recover from haemorrhage?

A

Venous pressure needs to be increased
Heart rate needs to be decreased
Achieve this by veno-constriction and blood transfusion to replace lost fluid

28
Q

Discuss the response of the cardiovascular system to a long term increase in blood volume

A
Increased venous pressure
Cardiac output rises
Arterial pressure increases
More blood perfumes tissues
Tissues auto regulate and increase TPR
Arterial pressure rises and stays high
29
Q

What affects autonomic stimulation to the heart?

A

Baroreceptors in the arch of the aorta and the carotid sinus send information on arterial pressure to the medulla oblongata
The medulla then controls autonomic outflow

30
Q

What would be the effect of decreased venous pressure?

A

Reduced cardiac output due to decreased preload

31
Q

What would be the effect of increased venous pressure on cardiac output?

A

Increased cardiac output due to increased preload

32
Q

What would be the effect of increased arterial pressure on cardiac output?

A

Decreased cardiac output due to increased after-load

33
Q

What would be the effect of decreased arterial pressure on cardiac output?

A

Increased cardiac outflow due to decreased after-load

34
Q

Discuss the initial response of the cardiovascular system to eating a meal

A

Increased metabolic activity of the gut causes local vasodilator metabolites to be released
This causes decreased TPR
So decreased arterial pressure and increased venous pressure

35
Q

Describe the effects of the initial response of the CVS to eating a meal and how the system stabilises

A

Increased venous pressure causes increased cardiac output
Decreased arterial pressure triggers increased heart rate and cardiac output
The extra pumping of the heart decreases venous pressure and increases arterial pressure
Therefore the demands are met and the system is stable

36
Q

Discuss the challenges of the cardiovascular system during exercise

A

Enormous increase in demand

Muscle pumping causes extra blood to return to the heart

37
Q

Discuss the challenges of the cardiovascular system during exercise

A

Venous pressure could greatly increase, leading to overfilling and stretching of the heart
If stroke volume becomes too high, the right and left ventricles can become unmatched so there is a risk of pulmonary oedema

38
Q

How are the challenges of exercise met by the cardiovascular system?

A

Overfilling of ventricles prevented by raising the heart rate
So stroke volume kept down and cardiac output still increased
Therefore demand met so system is stable

39
Q

How does the cardiovascular system respond to standing up?

A

Upon standing, blood pools in the superficial veins of the legs due to gravity
So central venous pressure falls
So cardiac output falls
So arterial pressure falls
Baroreceptors detect this
Heart rate is increased by the medulla oblongata
Venous pressure still low so increased TPR
System stabilises

40
Q

What happens if the baroreceptor reflex doesn’t work?

A

Postural hypotension

If severe, syncope