CYTOLOGY (Lecture 2 - 3)

Question 1

Term for on the same side

Answer 1

Ipsilateral

Question 2

Plane that divides the body into perfect right and left halves

Answer 2

Median plane

Question 3

Planes that are parallel to the median plane (infinite in #)

Answer 3

Longitudinal plane

Question 4

In limbs, dorsal refers to the ______ of the paws

Answer 4

Dorsal is the front (top) of the paws

Question 5

In limbs, palmar/plantar refers to the _______ of the forepaw and hind paw

Answer 5

underside

Question 6

(active) transport of material into or out of a cell by membrane-bound vesicles

Answer 6

vesicular transport

Question 7

material for exocytosis is packaged into ________ vesicles by the ________

Answer 7

material for exocytosis is packaged into SECRETORY vesicles by the GOLGI APPARATUS

Question 8

this type of secretion waits for a signal

Answer 8

regulated secretion

Question 9

this type of secretion does not require signaling

Answer 9

constitutive (continuous secretion)

Question 10

in this type of secretion, there is a congregation of vesicles near the Plasma membrane

Answer 10

regulated secretion

Question 11

examples of cells that exhibit regulated secretion

Answer 11

serous & mucous secreting cells, mast cells

Question 12

examples of cells that exhibit constitutive secretion

Answer 12

fibroblasts, plasma cells

Question 13

3 types of endocytosis

Answer 13

pinocytosis (cellular ‘drinking’)
phagocytosis (cellular ‘eating’)
receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 14

pinocytosis forms pinocytotic vesicles called _______

Answer 14

caveolae

Question 15

the engulfing of large particles, cellular debris and bacteria

Answer 15

phagocytosis (mostly done by macrophages)

Question 16

What are the steps involved in Phagocytosis

Answer 16

1. pseudopodia surround the material
2. vesicles (phagosomes) are formed
3. phagosomes fuse w/ lysosomes
4. Lysosomes process/degrade/recycle the material

Question 17

term for uncoiled DNA, present when the cell is undergoing active transcription

Answer 17

EUCHROMATIN
more electron lucent

Question 18

term for coiled/condensed DNA, inactive (not being transcribed)

Answer 18

HETEROCHROMATIN
more electron dense

Question 19

when looking at nuceli
How to determine if a cell is more ‘active’ than another

Answer 19

a more vesicular nucleus with more euchromatin

Question 20

heterochromatin (Green dot)

Answer 20

inactive (DNA condensed)

Question 21

euchromatin (black dot)

Answer 21

active transcription (DNA uncoiled)

Question 22

organelle that is the ‘protein factory’

Answer 22

ribosomes

Question 23

type of ribosomes that create cytoplasmic proteins (proteins for use within the cell)

Answer 23

Free ribosomes (polyribosomes)

Question 24

type of ribosomes that create membrane and secretory proteins (proteins that will go to the ER)

Answer 24

ER-bound ribosomes

Question 25

what job do these cells have

Answer 25

make proteins for secretion (rER)

Question 26

what job do these cells have

Answer 26

make proteins for secretion (rER)

Question 27

flattened sacs where proteins from the rER are packaged within cisterna

Answer 27

Golgi apparatus

Question 28

rough ER is located on the _____ face of the golgi

Answer 28

CIS face

Question 29

spherical, membrane-enclosed organelles that contain enzymes to degrade

Answer 29

lysozomes

Question 30

organelle that is the site of ATP synthesis

Answer 30

mitochondria

Question 31

the number of this type of organelle indicates the E requirements of the cell - lots of these = very busy cell

Answer 31

mitochondria

Question 32

what are vesicular mitochondria?

Answer 32

mitochondria whose cristae extend into the matrix and make TUBULAR FOLDS

Question 33

Steroid hormone producing cells have what type of mitochondria

Answer 33

Vesicular

Question 34

type of ER that has no ribosomes, thus no protein synthesis occurs

Answer 34

Smooth ER

Question 35

Smooth ER is abundant in cells that do what.....

Answer 35

detoxify (like liver) secrete steroid hormones

Question 36

when a cell has lots of smooth ER, it is likely construction stuff out of _____

Answer 36

fat

Question 37

Importance of cytoskeleton

Answer 37

- cell shape (morphology) - cell mobility - interacts w/ extracellular matrix

Question 38

components of the cytoskeleton

Answer 38

actin (thin filaments) intermediate filaments Microtubules (thick filaments)

Question 39

what are the main functions of actin

Answer 39

- help anchor cells to each other and the extracellular matrix - form the structural core of microvilli and stereocilia - movement

Question 40

what is the main function of intermediate filaments?

Answer 40

cell-to-cell adhesion cell to ECM adhesion has high tensile strength

Question 41

of the cytoskeleton filaments, which are constructed of different substances in different cells

Answer 41

intermediate filaments ex: neurons made of neurofilaments

Question 42

what are the functions of the microtubules?

Answer 42

- provide rigidity to cell shape - aid in intercellular transport - movement of cell (cilia, flagella)

Question 43

these are all types of?

Answer 43

microtubules

Question 44

organelles that are in the cytoplasm but NOT membrane bound

Answer 44

inclusions ex: glycogen, pigmentation, lipids

Question 45

type of endocytosis termed "cellular eating"

Answer 45

phagocytosis

Question 46

type of endocytosis termed "cellular drinking"

Answer 46

pinocytosis

Question 47

what are the 3 types of endocytosis?

Answer 47

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated

Question 48

what are the 3 types of exocytosis?

Answer 48

regulated, constitutive, receptor-mediated

Question 49

what enables a cell to maintain its same size

Answer 49

membrane trafficking such as thro pinocytosis

Question 50

what are characteristics of a phagocytic cell?

Answer 50

- pseudopedia - phagosomes, lysosomes, phagolysosomes

Question 51

what is the function of phagocytic cells

Answer 51

defends host cell and cleans up after injury

Question 52

what does the nucleolus contain

Answer 52

rRNA

Question 53

what is contained in chromatin

Answer 53

DNA

Question 54

why do lysosomes have varying electron densities?

Answer 54

e- density is based on what they are digesting and how long they have been digesting it

Question 55

what things might lysosomes fuse with

Answer 55

autophagosomes endocytotic vesicles phagosomes

Question 56

Answer 56

microtubules