Lecture 12: Vertebral Column & Back Musculature

Question 1

axial skeleton is composed of?

Answer 1

skull / cranium, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

Question 2

appendicular skeleton is composed of?

Answer 2

limb bones, pelvis, scapula and clavicle

Question 3

articulations that either firmly unite bones or allow for specific movements b/w bones

Answer 3

joints

Question 4

movement that reduces the angle b/w bones

Answer 4

flexion

Question 5

movement that increases angle b/w bones

Answer 5

extension

Question 6

flexion or extension?

Answer 6

thoracic and lumbar vertebrae flexed

Question 7

flexion or extension?

Answer 7

thoracic and vertebrae extended

Question 8

what is this

Answer 8

lateral flexion - flexed to the right, extended to the left

Question 9

Answer 9

spinous process

Question 10

Answer 10

lamina

Question 11

Answer 11

transverse process

Question 12

Answer 12

pedicle

Question 13

Answer 13

body

Question 14

Answer 14

spinous process

Question 15

Answer 15

transverse and caudal costal fovae

Question 16

Answer 16

neural arch

Question 17

how many vertebrae do all mammals have in the cervical region (neck)

Answer 17

7

Question 18

thoracic region aka _____?

Answer 18

back

Question 19

movements in joints of the vertebrae happen between ___________

Answer 19

vertebral bodies
vertebral arches

Question 20

_____ joints allow sliding movement between articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

Answer 20

Synovial

Question 21

_________, positioned b/w vertebral bodies, are compressible and absorb shock to allow movements along multiple axes

Answer 21

intervertebral discs

Question 22

the nucleus pulposis is a rumnant of which key embryological structure?

Answer 22

embryonic notochord

Question 23

a cartilaginous joint b/w two adjacent vertebral bodies

Answer 23

Intervertebral (IV) disk

Question 24

Joints vs Ligaments

Answer 24

joints allow for stereotypic, predictable movement
Ligaments LIMIT excessive movement across joints

Question 25

what ligaments are tensed here

Answer 25

supraspinous and interspinous ligament

Question 26

what two ligaments connect the spinous processes of vertebra and limit excessive flexion of vertebral column

Answer 26

supraspinous interspinous dorsal longitudinal ventral longitudinal

Question 27

what ligaments are tensed here

Answer 27

ventral dorsal and longitudinal ligament

Question 28

this ligament supports much of the mass of the head without muscular effort

Answer 28

nuchal ligament - found in animals like horses, cows, goat, sheep, animals that spend a lot of time eating off ground - cats DONT have

Question 29

the supraspinous ligament continues into the neck as the _______ ligament

Answer 29

nuchal

Question 30

what two things do cats lack that most other vertebrate mammals have

Answer 30

supraspinous and nuchal ligaments

Question 31

the vertebral canal protects what

Answer 31

the spinal cord

Question 32

where do spinal nerves form and branch in

Answer 32

the intervertebral foramen

Question 33

_____ and ____ roots join to form the spinal nerve then branch into ______ and _____ rami

Answer 33

ventral and dorsal

Question 34

Ventral vs Dorsal Rami

Answer 34

Ventral Rami - travel ventrolaterally -are much larger Dorsal Rami - travel dorsally - are small

Question 35

what does it mean that the spinal nerves are "mixed"

Answer 35

mixed meaning that all the spinal nerves carry somatic, motor, somatic sensory and autonomic (sympathetic) axons

Question 36

what muscle types mvoe the back and the limbs

Answer 36

epaxial and hypaxial

Question 37

muscles that support the vertebral column and are a major part of locomotion

Answer 37

epaxial

Question 38

where are epaxial muscles found in mammals

Answer 38

along a narrow region of the back and neck

Question 39

musculature in mammals that extends on to the back and contributes to limb movement?

Answer 39

hypaxial

Question 40

muscle contraction functions to bring _______ closer together

Answer 40

sites of attachment

Question 41

the proximal end of a muscle that remains fixed during contraction

Answer 41

Origin

Question 42

the distal end of a muscle that attaches to the mobile portion of bone

Answer 42

Insertion

Question 43

the peripheral nerve that provides motor iNnervation to and takes sensory innervation from a muscle

Answer 43

Innervation

Question 44

Product of the movement generated by muscle contraction

Answer 44

Product

Question 45

HYPAXIAL MUSCLES

Answer 45

- function in limb movement & stability (locomotion) - hypaxial muscles that migrated dorsally during development are positioned superficial to the epaxial muscles

Question 46

The trapezius, latissimus, and serratus dorsallis are what type of muscle

Answer 46

HYPAXIAL

Question 47

______ muscles are the intrinsic muscles of the back

Answer 47

Epaxial

Question 48

the Iliocstalis, longissimus and transversopinalis systems are all what

Answer 48

Epaxial muscle

Question 49

a deep, dense fascia that gives attachment to multiple muscle groups. It can also provide stability and support to the caudal lumbar region

Answer 49

Thoracolumbar fascia

Question 50

which fundamental muscle group is innervated by ventral rami? which by dorsal rami?

Answer 50

ventral rami - hypaxial dorsal rami - epaxial

Question 51

what ligaments prevent excessive extension

Answer 51

ventral and dorsal longitudinal ligaments