dealing with OB

Question 1

what is custodial sentencing

Answer 1

a decision make from court that punishment for crime should involve time being in custody/prison (incarceration) or in some other closed therapeutic+/educational institution (learn about B) eg a psych hospital

Question 2

what are the 4 purposes of custodial sentencing

Answer 2

deterrence, incapacitation, retribution, rehabilitation

Question 3

what is deterrence (purpose of CS)

Answer 3

unpleasant prison exp > put off individuals from OB

2 levels

general: aims to send a BROAD MESSAGE to soc that crime will not be tolerated

individual: preventing individuals from repeating same offences in light of their exp

based on behaviourist ideas of conditioning- vicarious reinforcement

Question 4

what is incapacitation (purpose of CS)

Answer 4

taking offender out of society to prevent reoffending as a form of PROTECTION to the public, the need for this will depend on the severity of the offence/nature of offender

Question 5

what is retribution (purpose of CS)

Answer 5

where soc takes “revenge” for offence by making offender suffer, level of suffering should be proportional to seriousness of offence, any alts to prison seen by many as a soft alt

Question 6

what is rehabilitation (purpose of CS)

Answer 6

prison as a way for offender to be able to reform so when released they should be better adjusted within soc

opportunity to partake in training and develop skills or access to treatment programmes for eg addiction and anger and give them a chance to reflect on their offence

Question 7

what are the 3 psych effects of CS

Answer 7

stress and depression
institutionalisation
prisonisation

Question 8

what is stress and depression as a psych effects of cs

Answer 8

there are high levels of suicide, self mutilation and self harm more than in the normal pop

incr likelihood of developing psych disorders following release

Question 9

what is institutionalisation as a psych effect of cs

Answer 9

once adapted to norms and routines of prison E, inmates may not be able to adjust to the function in outside world

Question 10

what is prisonisation as a psych effect of cs

Answer 10

prisoners are socialised in adapting to “inmate code” B is considered unacceptable in soc but may be rewarded and encouraged within prison

Question 11

what is recidivism

Answer 11

reoffending, a tendency to relapse into a previous condition or mode of B

eg when a convicted offender repeatedly reoffends, a recidivist is one how has a persistent pattern of criminal reoffending

recidivism rates tell us to what extent prison acts an effective deterrent

approx 45% but difficult to measure
20% in norway which focuses on rehab and skills development

Question 12

what could reoffending be a result of …. (4 things)

Answer 12

age of offender (young may stop offending)
type of offence committed
time of release date (whats happening att)
country

Question 13

limitation of cs: curt bartol prison E is brutal, demeaning and devastating, a record of…

Answer 13

119 people kts in prisons in england and wales in 2016, an increase in 29 people (32%) from 2015, 1 every 3 days, 9x higher than gen pop, most at risk are young single men during first 24hrs of confinement (>panic), a study by prison reform trust found that 25% of women and 15% of men in prison reported symptoms of psychosis.

although this data doesnt take into account inmates who experienced psychotic symptoms before being incarcerated. the importation model argues that prisoners may import some psych issues, therefore it is difficult to establish whether prisoners may import or trauma of exp prison > symp

therefore the oppressive prison regime may be detrimental to psych to psych health which could impact rehab, however there may be confounding variables that could influence the link between prison and psych effects

Question 14

strength of CS: practical application eg rehab

Answer 14

provides opportunity enabling offenders to improve their character and lead a crime free life upon release.

often offenders have the opp to take part in education and training whilst in prison incr the possibility they will find employment upon release, it was found that offenders who take part in college education are 43% less likely to reoffend following release

therefore prison could be worthwhile for offenders if they are offered the opportunity to taking part in various forms of training and treatment

Question 15

limitation of CS: a risk of cs is offenders could learn to become … (school of crime)

Answer 15

learn to become better offenders, incarceration with lt offenders may provide younger inmates the opportunity to learn “tricks of the trade” from more experienced prisoners.

there is also the risk of criminal contacts being established that may be used upon release.

therefore this form of education could risk the increase of reoffending B rather than using prisons to offer rehab

Question 16

s/l of SC: purpose of prison inc cp

Answer 16

onepoll found that 47% of responders saw the primary purpose of prison regimes as being “too soft” which does not deter existing or potential offenders

although 40% of respondents held the view that the main purpose of prisons is to reform and rehabilitate and prison should provide access to training and treatment so offenders can be effectively reintegrated back into soc

cp: one issue is overcrowding and lack of funding which decreased the opportunity for r+r and t+t to take place

therefore prison can be an opp for offenders to improve and reform their B using rehab however there is a lack of funding and too many offenders to cater for all to have this opp, resulting in the risk of prisoners not improving on their B

Question 17

what is behaviour modification

Answer 17

an app of the behaviourist approach to treatment (eg management of offender is penal institutions) (all B is learned therefore can unlearn)

inc principles of OC

general aim to replace undesirable B with more desirable ones through selective use of +/- reinforcement ie token econ (reinforce obedient b and punish disobedient

Question 18

apply token econ to Bmod

Answer 18

desirable B may inc avoiding confrontation, following prison rules, keeping cell clean

then offenders are given a token each time they perform a desirable B

do not apply or disobedient then token will be withheld or withdrawn as punishment

token are secondary reinforcers are get their value from association with reward/not direct, tokens can be exchanged for eg phone call with loved one, gym, cigarettes, food which are primary reinforcers as direct reward

Question 19

what are the 3 things needed when designing and using a token econ for bmod

Answer 19

operationalising target Bs
scoring system
training staff

Question 20

what is operationalising target Bs for token econ as bmod

Answer 20

break b down into components that needs to be objective, measureable and agreed with prison staff and inmates in advance.

eg desirable b is improved interaction with inmates so operationalised = speaking politely to others, not touching another prisoner as you pass them

Question 21

what is a scoring system as a component of token econ for bmod

Answer 21

prisoners and staff need to be aware of how much each b is worth

Bs are hierarchical as some are more demanding than others eg get a greater reward so eg awards more token

could be points towards tokens or tokens directly

Question 22

what is training staff for token econ for bmod

Answer 22

staff should be given full training to implement tokecon successfully, eg several hours for several weeks, aiming to standardise the procedures so that all staff are rewarding the same Bs in the same way.

staff should record when they reward tokens so the process of individuals can be assessed

Question 23

strength of bmod: research support from 2 studies, hobbs and holt and then field

Answer 23

hobbs and holt- introduced tokecon with groups of young offenders across 3 behavioural units and another for control

findings suggested a signif diff in positive B compared to non tokecon group

then field found with young offenders it was mainly successful however there were several young people who did not respond, they were then placed on a special programme where rewards became more immediate and frequent and the results became more successful.

therefore both studies support that tokecons are successful for bmod in custody

Question 24

limitation of bmod: number of prison staff, basset and blanchard found any …

Answer 24

benefits were lost if staff applied the techniques inconsistently. it was suggested this was because of a lack of relevant staff training and a high staff turnover

therefore bmod systems must ensure all staff are consistently engaging in the programme for such to work

Question 25

strength of bmod: it is relatively easy to set up as there is no need for ...

Answer 25

specialist professionals unlike for eg anger management, wmt econ systems can be designed and implemented by anyone in any institution. they are also cost effective and easy to follow once workable methods of reinforcement are established therefore bmod techniques can be established in most prisons > accessed by most prisoners

Question 26

limitation of bmod: it doesnt really affect lt B as there is "little ...

Answer 26

rehabilitative value" and any +changes in B may occur whilst in prison but may be quickly lost when released. eg cog based treatment eg anger management may be more likely to lead to permanent B change , focuses offender on understanding cause of offending and take responsibility, may go along with rewards but not actually permanently change B therefore 1 lim with te is that once offenders leave prison they may go back to their ob

Question 27

s/l of bmod: ethics

Answer 27

s- can decrease conflict and allow for more successful management of prison pop > staff has less stress but can dehumanise offenders because scheme is compulsory, removal of tokens and "privileges eg exercise and contact with loved ones is unethical therefore evidence suggests bmod programmes can reduce prison staff stress but it can be seen as unethical for the offenders who have to oblige to the programme to receive rewards

Question 28

what is anger management? a form of .... which involves ... focuses.... facilitates ...

Answer 28

a form of therapy which involves identifying the signs that trigger anger, alongside learning techniques to calm down and deal with the situation in a positive way. focuses on managing anger rather then preventing OB/B can be offered in prison to facilitate rehab and increase self awareness

Question 29

how does AM link to cbt

Answer 29

cus its argued that cog factors trigger emotional arousal which often precedes aggressive acts. eg some individuals display anger in situations that are perceived as threatening. in cbt the individual is taught to recognise the cognitive factors that trigger their anger and loss of control and then encouraged to develop techniques which bring about CONFLICT RESOLUTION without requiring violence

Question 30

what are the 3 stages of cbt for anger management

Answer 30

cognitive preparation skill acquisition application practice

Question 31

what is cognitive preparation as a stage of cbt for anger management inc eg

Answer 31

offender reflects on past experiences and considers typical pattern of their anger, identify situations that act as triggers and if interpretation of event is irrational, therapist needs to make it clear. eg offender views someone looking at them as confrontational, redefine sitch as non threatening, therapist attempts to break what may be an automatic response

Question 32

what is skill acquisition as a stage of cbt for anger management inc egs of cog, beh, phys

Answer 32

techniques and skills that help manage anger provoking situations in a more rational way cognitive: +self talk to increase calmness eg counting to 10 behavioural: training of how to communicate more effectively, which becomes an auto response when regularly practiced. physiological: deals with phys reaction to anger eg relaxation training or meditation, control emotions not be controlled by them

Question 33

what is application practice as a stage of cbt for anger management

Answer 33

offenders attempt to use skills and practice them in a controlled E with therapist, eg re-enacting scenarios that may have once escalated anger/violence, offender has to be committed and see practice as real in order to be effective. therapist needs to be confident as they need to elicit anger in order to monitor progress. if successful then therapist provides positive reinforcement

Question 34

eg of research into AM

Answer 34

keen

Question 35

explained eg of research into AM- Keen investigated the effectiveness ...

Answer 35

of AM with offenders aged between 17 and 21. recommended course of 8 2hr sessions, the first 7 within 1 week with the rest 1 sessions a month later. found: its suggested an increased awareness of their anger management difficulties and an increased capacity to exercise self control

Question 36

strength of AM: better compared to bmod

Answer 36

bmod aims to deal with surface B rather than the underlying causal processes. AM focuses on tackling the root cause of offending through acknowledging the cognitive processes that trigger anger > OB experience of AM could give cause of criminality and could then discover ways of managing their B once released from prison therefore AM is more likely to provide PERMANENT change of bmod

Question 36

limitation of AM: blackburn argued that AM can have a noticeable effect st BUT ...

Answer 36

there is very little evidence that it reduces recidivism lt. one exp for this is that this form of therapy relies on role play during the app phase which may not represent all the triggers that could occur in a real-life setting therefore AM may be limited because it does not reduce reoffending

Question 37

limitation of AM: howells looked at AM with australian offenders, findings suggested that there was an overall...

Answer 37

improvement in B when compared to controls with no treatment. those who had high levels of anger before the programme displayed the most improvement as well as offenders who were motivated to change their B therefore AM may be limited to certain individuals who have high levels of anger/motivation to change such B

Question 38

limitation of AM: they are expensive to run because they require...

Answer 38

highly trained specialists who are used to dealing with violent offenders. consequently, several prisons may not be able to fund AMPs as well as offenders must be committed which would be unsuccessful if they are apathetic, it also takes a long time - many HOURS therefore AMP are limited because they are expensive to implement

Question 39

s/l of AM: causal relationship

Answer 39

AM proposes a causal relationship between anger and offending due to producing an emotional state needing to conduct a crime cp: although loza and loza-fanous found NO DIFF in the levels of anger between violent and nonviolent offenders also said that offenders can use AM as a way of justifying behaviour therefore AM might not be a caus rel with offending when evidence suggests there is no difference between vio/non vio offender

Question 40

what are restorative justice programmes? a system of dealing ...

Answer 40

dealing with OB which focuses on the rehab or offender through reconciliation with victims > enabling them to see the impact of their crimes and serves to empower survivor by giving them a voice (ask Qs about why they acted a certain way)

Question 41

what 2 things does RJPs focus on and what does it NOT focus on

Answer 41

the survivor/victim and the offender focuses on reparation (repairing harm causes) NOT retribution (punishing the offender)

Question 42

when might RJP take place

Answer 42

before the trial and so acknowledgement of participation may be considered in sentencing > reduced/ may happen during incarceration > reduced sentence

Question 43

in RJPs how may it benefit victim/what can offender do as part of restitution

Answer 43

offender may provide financial restitution to victim which may reflect the psych damage or physical damaged caused eg ay repair broken window or damaged property, or may replace stolen goods

Question 44

what positive impact can RJPs have on the victims emotions

Answer 44

support their healing process by repairing their confidence, self esteem eg if burgled they may fear someone breaking into their house again

Question 45

what is the rwa of RJPs/what does the restorative justice council say it can be implemented in

Answer 45

schools, work places, hospitals, communities, childrens services, prevention and management of conflict

Question 46

strength of RJPs: positive impact on survivors, the RJ council reported the results of a 7yr research project. %%% of survivors ...

Answer 46

85% reported satisfaction when meeting offender face to face 78% recommended the exp to people in a similar situation 60% felt better about the situation as it provided an opportunity to move forward 2% felt worse therefore RJPs can be beneficial for the survivors involved in helping them to manage and cope after the incident

Question 47

lim of RJPs: cp to research support from RJ council: wood and suzuki suggested despite satisfaction surveys the RJPs are not...

Answer 47

not survivor focused. in fact the survivors are used to help the rehab of offenders rather than themselves therefore it may argued that restorative processes are focused on rehabing offenders rather than focusing on the needs of the survivors involved

Question 48

strength of RJPs: meta analysis by strang compared offenders who had RJ with

Answer 48

compared to offenders who just had custodial sentencing. findings suggest that those within RJ group were significantly less likely to reoffend, this was larger for violent crimes rather than against property bain found lowered reoffending rates with adult with 1to1 contact rather than community involvement therefore RJPs can be supported because it provides a positive impact on receidivism dependent on the type of offence and approaches used

Question 49

lim of RJPs Gijseghem argued that offenders may use RJ for all kinds of reasons such as to ...

Answer 49

avoid punishment ie take pride in their relationship with the survivor and or play down their faults therefore the evidence suggests that some offenders may abuse the system when engaging in restorative processes and are then at risk of reoffending

Question 50

s/l of RJPs it can be useful

Answer 50

the national police chiefs council does not support the use of RJ within odmestic violence liebman argues that is because of the power imbalance between the abuser and the abused puts pressure of the survivors who may feel they have to go along with their partner/ex during mediation, the reason being because they fear the worst could happen otherwise, when released they offend again despite this it is suggested that pre trial mediation in domestic violence cases produces positive results for the survivors, it is useful with intimate partner violence (the couple are still together) because they can address the harm caused and avoid the reoccurrence in the future

Question 51

what are some benefits to the victim of RJPs

Answer 51

they can put the crime behind them, acts as closure, empowerment in the sense of personal power, develop understanding of why the crime was committed, gives greater voice in the criminal justice system

Question 52

what are some benefits to the offender of RJPs

Answer 52

opportunity to address and heal underlying issues and opp to change, develop understanding of the effect of their actions, opp to apologise and accept responsibility, opp to repair harm done as a result of their crime

Question 53

what are some benefits to the wider community and econ of RJPs

Answer 53

reduces frequency of reoffending so community is safer, saves money, opp to rebuild sense of community and mutual accountability, shows community that offenders are making up for their actions so gives a sense of retribution