DECALCIFICATION/DEMINERALIZATION

Question 1

Calcium or lime salts are removed from tissues

Answer 1

DECALCIFICATION

Question 2

Decalcification is done after _____ and before _____

Answer 2

Fixation; Impregnation

Question 3

Inadequate decalcification results in poor cutting of hard tissues and damage to the knife edge. True or False?

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Most widely used for routine decalcification; stable, easily available, inexpensive

Answer 4

Acid Decalcifying Agents

Question 5

Optimum temperature of Acid Decalcifying Agents

Answer 5

18-30/RT

Question 6

Recommended Tissue:Fluid ratio for decalcification

Answer 6

1:20

Question 7

MOST COMMONLY USED DECALCIFYING AGENT

Answer 7

NITRIC ACID

Question 8

Very rapid, produces minimal distortion, recommended for routine purposes/urgent biopsies

Answer 8

Nitric Acid

Question 9

Nitric acid is easily removed by

Answer 9

70% alcohol

Question 10

Decalcification time of Nitric acid

Answer 10

12-24 hours

Question 11

Silver impregnation of nerve fibers

Answer 11

De Castro’s fluid

Question 12

Less tissue destruction than 10% Aq. HNO3

Answer 12

Formol-Nitric Acid

Question 13

Decalcification time of Formol-Nitric Acid

Answer 13

1-3 days

Question 14

Decalcifies and softens tissues, nuclear and cytoplasmic staining is good, maceration is avoided

Answer 14

Perenyi’s Fluid

Question 15

Decalcification time of Perenyi’s Fluid

Answer 15

2-7 days

Question 16

Most rapid decalcifier; urgent works

Answer 16

Phloroglucin-Nitric Acid

Question 17

Decalcification time of Phloroglucin-Nitric Acid

Answer 17

12-24 hours

Question 18

Surface tissue block

Answer 18

Hydrochloric acid

Question 19

Routine post-mortem research tissues

Answer 19

Formic acid

Question 20

Decalcification time of Formic acid

Answer 20

2-7 days

Question 21

No washing-out required; permits good staining

Answer 21

TCA

Question 22

Decalcification time of TCA

Answer 22

4-8 days

Question 23

Decalcifier and tissue softener

Answer 23

Perenyi’s fluid

Question 24

Minute pieces of bones

Answer 24

Sulfurous acid

Question 25

Minute bone spicules

Answer 25

Chromic acid (Flemming’s Fluid)

Question 26

Excellent nuclear and cytoplasmic staining

Answer 26

Citric acid-citrate buffer solution (pH 4.5)

Question 27

Teeth and small pieces of bone

Answer 27

Von Ebner’s fluid

Question 28

Nails

Answer 28

Lendrum's fluid

Question 29

Substances which combine with calcium ions and other salts to form weakly dissociated complexes and facilitate removal of calcium salt

Answer 29

CHELATING AGENTS

Question 30

Most common chelating agent

Answer 30

EDTA (Versene)

Question 31

Decalcification time of chelating agents

Answer 31

1-3 weeks

Question 32

Chelating agents are rapid and recommended for urgent biopsies. True or False?

Answer 32

False; Very slow, Not recommended

Question 33

Hastens decalcification by removing calcium ions from Formic Acid-containing decalcifying solutions, thereby increasing solubility from the tissue

Answer 33

ION EXCHANGE RESINS

Question 34

Process whereby positively charged calcium ions are attracted to a negative electrode and subsequently removed from the decalcifying solution

Answer 34

ELECTROPHORESIS (ELECTRICAL IONIZATION)

Question 35

Utilizes electricity to remove the calcium deposits

Answer 35

ELECTROPHORESIS (ELECTRICAL IONIZATION)

Question 36

THREE WAYS TO MEASURE THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION

Answer 36

PHYSICAL OR MECHANICAL TEST X-RAY OR RADIOLOGICAL METHOD CHEMICAL METHOD

Question 37

Done by touching or bending the tissue, pricking the tissue with a fine needle or probe

Answer 37

PHYSICAL OR MECHANICAL TEST

Question 38

Most ideal and reliable way to measure extent of decalcification, very expensive

Answer 38

X-RAY OR RADIOLOGICAL METHOD

Question 39

Simple, reliable and convenient, recommended for routine purposes, to detect the presence of calcium in the decalcifying solution

Answer 39

CHEMICAL METHOD

Question 40

For unduly hard tissues which are liable to damage the microtome knives

Answer 40

TISSUE SOFTENERS

Question 41

TISSUE SOFTENERS

Answer 41

HaHa PePhe Mo - MALAMBOT HCl 1% HCl in 70% alcohol Perenyi's fluid 4% aq. Phenol Molliflex