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Question 1

What syndromes could potentially cause a total body skin peeling with a sunburn-like rash in newborns?

Answer 1

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, Staphylococcal TSS, and Streptococcal TSS

Question 2

Which toxins are the major causes of Staph TSS?

Answer 2

TSST-1, enterotoxin B, enterotoxin C

Question 3

Which toxins are the major causes of Staph Scalded skin syndrome?

Answer 3

exfoliative toxin A and B

Question 4

General mechanisms of transmission (review)

Answer 4

aerosol, direct contact, sexual contact, vectors, fecal:Oral (water), food, endogenous, nosocomial

Question 5

What is a flat, sunburn-like rash called?

Answer 5

macular erythroderma

Question 6

What is a bumpy rash called?

Answer 6

papular

Question 7

What is a flat, sunburn-like rash with bumps called?

Answer 7

maculo-papular

Question 8

What is a rash with hives called?

Answer 8

urticarial

Question 9

What is a rash with small fluid-filled sacs called?

Answer 9

vesicular

Question 10

What is a rash with large fluid-filled sacs called?

Answer 10

bullous

Question 11

What is a rash with fluid-filled sacs with yellow, white, or green pus called?

Answer 11

pustular

Question 12

What is a rash with small rose-shaped spots called?

Answer 12

petechial

Question 13

what usually causes the rose-shaped spots of the petechial rash?

Answer 13

blood vessel damage in gram-negative infections

Question 14

What is a purple rash due to blood leaving the blood vessels called?

Answer 14

purpuric

Question 15

What is a floor burn-like rash that eventually becomes a black scab called?

Answer 15

eschar

Question 16

Which type of rash may be associated with menstrual TSS?

Answer 16

macular erythroderma

Question 17

what type of rash is associated with chickenpox?

Answer 17

papular rash

Question 18

what type of rash may be seen with staphylococcal impetigo?

Answer 18

pustular rash

Question 19

What type of rash is associated with a cutaneous anthrax infection?

Answer 19

eschar

Question 20

What is a primary pathogen?

Answer 20

A microbe that, when present in the host, typically causes illness

Question 21

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

Answer 21

Often normal flora microbe that causes illness when the host is immune compromised.

Question 22

What are the four types of primary pathogens?

Answer 22

exotoxemia, invasive extracellular, exotoxemia + invasive extracellular, invasive intracellular

Question 23

Tetanus, Diphtheria, Cholera, TSS,Scarlet Fever fall into which category of primary pathogen?

Answer 23

exotoxemia

Question 24

Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcuspneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis fall into which category of primary pathogen?

Answer 24

invasive extracellular

Question 25

Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes fall into which category of primary pathogen?

Answer 25

exotoxemia + invasive extracellular

Question 26

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella typhi, Listeria monocytogenes fall into which category of primary pathogen?

Answer 26

invasive intracellular

Question 27

What are examples of the major categories exotoxins (review)?

Answer 27

ADP ribosylating enzymes, depurinating enzymes, cytolysins/cytotoxins, proteases, superantigens

Question 28

T/F: Many exotoxins are referred to as A:B or B:B toxins, where A=active and B=host cell binding.

Answer 28

T

Question 29

Where are many exotoxins encoded?

Answer 29

bacteriophages, plasmids, or pathogenicity islands

Question 30

On what does immunity to exotoxin illnesses depend?

Answer 30

neutralizing antibodies

Question 31

Why don't people develop neutralizing antibodies to tetanus and botulism toxins during illness?

Answer 31

they are too toxic to be immunogenic

Question 32

T/F: immunity to exotoxins always provides protection from illness?

Answer 32

F; immunity to some exotoxin provides protection, while immunity to others does not

Question 33

Of what do vaccines against exotoxins consist?

Answer 33

toxoids that are biologically inactive forms of toxins

Question 34

Some examples of vaccines against exotoxins (review)

Answer 34

diptheria, tetanus, and pertussis.

Question 35

the virulence of invasive extracellular pathogens depends primarily on what two factors?

Answer 35

host attachment mechanisms and antiphagocytic capsules

Question 36

T/F: invasive extracellular organisms usually invade hosts through the skin.

Answer 36

F; they usually invade through mucosal surfaces

Question 37

T/F: invasive extracellular pathogens usually cause illness through extensive inflammation

Answer 37

T

Question 38

On what does immunity to invasive extracellular pathogens depend?

Answer 38

opsonic antibodies to capsules or other cell-surface virulence factors

Question 39

T/F: exotoxemia and invasive extracellular pathogens depend on both exotoxins and invasive properties.

Answer 39

T

Question 40

T/F: exotoxemia and invasive extracellular pathogens are always highly inflammatory.

Answer 40

F; usually, but not always

Question 41

On what does immunity to exotoxemia and invasive extracellular pathogens depend?

Answer 41

both neutralizing and opsonic antibodies

Question 42

Do we have vaccines for exotoxemia and invasive extracellular pathogens?

Answer 42

NO.

Question 43

In which immune cells are invasive intracellular bacteria able to survive?

Answer 43

PMNs, Macrophages, and B-cells

Question 44

T/F: Invasive intracellular bacteria are highly inflammatory.

Answer 44

F; they usually induce granuloma formation instead of inflammation

Question 45

On what does immunity to invasive intracellular pathogens depend?

Answer 45

direct T-cell killing or T cells activating macrophages to kill the pathogens

Question 46

What type of vaccines are used for invasive intracellular organisms, and why?

Answer 46

live attenuated vaccines are used, because killed vaccines stimulate antibodies which makes the illnesses worse.

Question 47

What is the correct immune response to Staph aureus?

Answer 47

must make both opsonic antibodies and neutralizing antibodies, or the host will die of delayed hypersensitivity

Question 48

What is the correct immune response to Typhoid fever?

Answer 48

Must make a Th1 response activating macrophages for immunity to typhoid fever, because antibodies enhance typhoid